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Shadows and lights in sepsis immunotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis remains a major global public health challenge. The host's response in sepsis involves both an exaggerated inflammatory reaction and immunosuppressive mechanisms. A better understanding of this response has shed light on the failure of anti-inflammatory therapies administered under the 'one size fits all' approach during the last decades. AREAS COVERED: To date, patients' management has moved toward a comprehensive precision medicine approach that aims to personalize immunotherapy, whether anti-inflammatory or immunostimulatory. Large Prospective interventional randomized…

Incorporating Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy for Lymphomas.

Radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy have been used for nearly 100 years to treat lymphoma. Recently, immunotherapy has been incorporated into the treatment of lymphomas. Here, we will review both the role of immunotherapy in lymphoma as well as the feasibility of incorporating immunotherapies with conventional lymphoma treatments, especially radiotherapy. Immunotherapy agents include checkpoint inhibitors that target the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, CTLA-4, or CD47. In addition, other immunotherapy agents such as bi-specific antibodies and CD19 CAR-T cell therapy are being implemented in various non-Hodgkin'…

Pleural Mesothelioma in the Era of Immunotherapy.

Over the course of the last decade, immunotherapy has revolutionised the management of a great number of cancer types. The treatment of pleural mesothelioma, a rare and highly aggressive cancer, is also being transformed by immunotherapy. The recent combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab improved overall survival compared with platinum-based chemotherapy, irrespective of the histology, establishing immunotherapy as a front-line standard of care in advanced pleural mesothelioma. Yet, most patients do not derive long-term benefit from any of the available therapies, and we note a significant la…

Endocrine and Neurological Toxicities of Immunotherapies.

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer care but exposes patients to a new spectrum of complications that mimic autoimmune diseases, which are referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Endocrine complications are among the most common and involve nearly all endocrine tissues. Corticosteroids are not useful in endocrine irAEs, and definitive hormonal substitution is often indicated. Neurological irAEs can involve the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system or the neuromuscular junction. Neurological irAEs are among the rarer complications but are associated with a high…

Cancer immunotherapies: A hope for the uncurable?

The use of cancer immunotherapies is not novel but has been used over the decades in the clinic. Only recently have we found the true potential of stimulating an anti-tumor response after the breakthrough of checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer immunotherapies have become the first line treatment for many malignancies at various stages. Nevertheless, the clinical results in terms of overall survival and progression free survival were not as anticipated. Majority of cancer patients do not respond to immunotherapies and the reasons differ. Hence, further improvements for cancer immunotherapies are cruc

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… The current cancer immunotherapies in the clinic can be divided into two groups based on mechanism of actions: passive or active immunotherapies. Active immunotherapies involve the direct activation of a tumor-specific immune response. … Nevertheless, since cancer is heterogenous not one type of cancer immunotherapy works for all. Depending on multiple factors, certain cancer immunotherapies work better for some cancer patients than others ( Figure 9 ). FIGURE 9 Different types of cancer immunotherapies. …

Immunotherapy for Pemphigus: Present and Future.

Pemphigus is a chronic and severe autoimmune bullous disease caused by autoantibodies targeting adhesion molecules between keratinocytes. It … ome subset of patients and the long-term severe adverse effects of traditional therapies. Recently, immunotherapy has proved to be encouraging for disease control or cure. Based on the current understanding of the immune mechanisms of pemphigus, we review the immune targets and corresponding agents applied in practice or under clinical trials. The goals of the …

Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction.

Substance use disorders (SUD) are a serious public health concern globally. Existing treatment platforms suffer from a lack of effectiveness. The development of immunotherapies against these substances of abuse for both prophylactic and therapeutic use has gained tremendous importance as an alternative and/or supplementary to existing therapies. Significant development has been made in this area over the last few decades. Herein, we highlight the vaccine and other biologics development strategies, preclinical, clinical updates along with challenges and future directions. Articles were searched

Endocrine complications of immunotherapies: a review.

Use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment has increased vastly over the past decade, as both single and combination agent therapies. While having a positive impact on survival rates, adverse effects have been noted, with endocrine effects in around 10% of patients. Thyroid disease and hypophysitis are the most commonly encountered, with diabetes mellitus and primary adrenal insufficiency also reported, as well as more rare endocrinopathies. Patient and clinician education to raise awareness of these effects, as well as regular monitoring to enable early recognition, diagnosis and

Current Advances in Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review seeks to inform oncology clinicians and researchers about the development of novel immunotherapies for the treatment of glioblastoma. An enumeration of ongoing and recently completed clinical trials will be discussed with special attention given to current technologies implemented to overcome central nervous system-specific challenges including barriers to the peripheral immune system, impaired antigen presentation, and T cell dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS: The success of immunotherapy in other solid cancers has served as a catalyst to explore its application in …

Cardiotoxicities of novel cancer immunotherapies.

Immunotherapy revolutionised oncology by harnessing the native immune system to effectively treat a wide variety of malignancies even at advanced stages. Off-target immune activation leads to immune-related adverse events affecting multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. In this review, we discuss the current literature describing the epidemiology, mechanisms and proposed management of cardiotoxicities related to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies and bispecific T-cell engagers. ICIs are monoclonal antibody antagonists tha…

[Immunotherapy for bladder cancer in 2021].

Intravesical immunotherapy with Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) have been used since decades for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and is a proof of principle that immunotherapy works for this malignancy. Since 2016, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) demonstrated clinical benefits in locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer, providing potentially durable tumor control in first line therapy or upon relapse after standard treatments. Ongoing clinical trials aim to demonstrate the efficiency of ICI for the treatment of localized disease.

Advances in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent disease with a progression that is modulated by the immune system. Systemic therapy is used in the advanced stage and until 2017 consisted only of antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has shown strong anti-tumour activity in a subset of patients and the combination of the anti-PDL1 antibody atezolizumab and the VEGF-neutralizing antibody bevacizumab has or will soon become the standard of care as a first-line therapy for HCC, whereas the anti-PD1 agents nivolumab and pembrolizumab are used after…

Landscape of Immunotherapy in Genitourinary Malignancies.

The past decade has witnessed a revolution in the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of multiple tumor types, including genitourinary cancers. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have notably improved the treatment outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. In prostate cancer, the role of immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors is not yet established except for microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) tumors. Other immunotherapeutic approaches that have been explored in these malignancies include cytokines, vaccines, and c…

Insight for Immunotherapy of HCMV Infection.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a ubiquitous in humans, has a high prevalence rate. Young people are susceptible to HCMV infection in developing countries, while older individuals are more susceptible in developed countries. Most patients have no obvious symptoms from the primary infection. Studies have indicated that the virus has gradually adapted to the host immune system. Therefore, the control of HCMV infection requires strong immune modulation. With the recent advances in immunotherapy, its application to HCMV infections is receiving increasing attention. Here, we discuss the immune respon…

TIM-3: An update on immunotherapy.

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) was originally found to be expressed on the surface of Th1 cells, acting as a negative regu … ports TIM-3 as an immune checkpoint, and targeting TIM-3 is a promising treatment method in current immunotherapy, especially the new combination of other immune checkpoint blockers. In this review, we summarize the role of TIM-3 in different diseases and its possible signaling pathway mechanisms, providing new insights for better breakthrough immunotherapy.

The immunology and immunotherapy for COVID-19.

The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) … ausing local and systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19, and immunotherapy has consistently attracted attention because of its essential role in boosting host immunity to the virus and reducing overwhelming inflammation. In this review, we summarise the immunopathogenic features of COVID-19 and highlight recent advances in …

Adjuvant immunotherapy: the sting in the tail.

Adjuvant therapy with PD-1 inhibitors for resected Stage III/IV melanoma reduces the risk of recurrence by 40-50% and is now a standard of c … nt in prognosis for patients with Stage III disease. As a result, clinicians may now offer adjuvant immunotherapy to patients with a lower risk of recurrence than those in the pivotal trials. There is a need to balance the relatively small reduction of absolute risk of recurrence against the risk and impact of toxicity. Five-ten percent of biochemically euthyro …

Role of immunotherapy in bladder cancer.

The role of immunotherapy in bladder urothelial cancers is rapidly expanding. Since the initial second-line therapy approval for patients who fail prior platinum-based chemotherapy, the use of immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has been rapidly evolving. There are approved indications for first-line metastatic disease in the platinum-ineligible patients or the cisplatin-ineligible PD-L1 positive patients, and there is a label for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who are BCG-refractory. In addition, a trial on maintenance immunotherapy with avelumab showed positive findings wi…

Current status of immunotherapies for addiction.

The treatment of substance use disorders has always been challenging because multiple neurotransmitters mediate addiction. However, with smoking being the leading cause of preventable death and the recent opioid epidemic in the United States, the search for novel solutions becomes more imperative. In this review, we discuss the use of antibodies to treat addictions and highlight areas of success and areas that require improvement, using examples from cocaine, nicotine, and opioid vaccines. Through each example, we examine creative problem-solving strategies for developing future vaccines, such