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Protein disulfide isomerase PDI8 is indispensable for parasite growth and associated with secretory protein processing in Toxoplasma gondii.

UNLABELLED: Protein disulfide isomerase, containing thioredoxin (Trx) domains, serves as a vital enzyme responsible for oxidative protein fo … gPDI8 showed a significant reduction in the expression of secretory proteins, especially those from micronemes and dense granules. In summary, our study elucidates the roles of TgPDI8 and sets the stage for future drug discovery studies. IMPORTANCE: Apicomplexans, a phylum of intracellular parasites, encompass various zoonotic pathogens, including Plasmodi …

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the essential nature of Rab1B in Toxoplasma gondii.

BACKGROUND: The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii encodes a dozen Rab proteins, which are parts of the small GTPase superfamily and regul … ctively. These DEGs included key genes associated with crucial organelles that contain the rhoptry, microneme, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The analysis of qRT-PCR verified some of the key DEGs identified by RNA-Seq, supporting that the key vesicular regulator Rab1B was involved in biogenesis of multiple parasite organelles. Functional enrichm …

Cellular organization and phylogeny of Cryptonaiada gen. n. (Cryptonaiadidae fam. n.) shed light on the evolution of intracellular vertebrate parasitism in Apicomplexa.

Apicomplexan parasites have coevolved with animal hosts for hundreds of millions of years, yet only a handful of their lineages have made th … paraglycogen granules, and an apical complex with polar rings and rhoptries. Exceptionally abundant micronemes are distributed throughout the cell rather than restricted to the apical region. Although several traits superficially resemble Nematopsis eugregarines from marine bivalves, single- and multi-gene phylogenies demonstrate that N. temporariae belongs …

Cryogenic electron tomography reveals novel structures in the apical complex of Plasmodium falciparum.

UNLABELLED: Intracellular infectious agents, like the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, face the daunting challenge of how to invade a host cell. This problem may be even harder when the host cell in question is the enucleated red blood cell, which lacks the host machinery co-opted by many pathogens for internalization. Evolution has provided P. falciparum and related single-celled parasites within the phylum Apicomplexa with a collection of organelles at their apical end that mediate invasion. This apical complex includes at least two sets of secretory organelles, micronemes and rhoptr…

Heterologous DNA prime-crude tachyzoite lysate antigen boost targeting MIC8 confers protection against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite capable of causing acute lethal disease and establishing lifelong chronic infection through tissue cyst formation. Development of an effective vaccine remains an important goal. Microneme protein 8 (MIC8), an invasion-associated antigen conserved across parasite lineages, represents a promising vaccine target. METHODS: A heterologous DNA-protein prime-boost vaccination strategy targeting the MIC8 gene derived from the ME49 strain was evaluated in female BALB/c mice. Animals (n = 10 per group) were allocated to six g…

Advanced Diagnostic Techniques

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… B, Toxoplasma bradyzoites with conoid (arrow), micronemes (mi), and rhoptries (r) surrounded by a cyst wall (arrowheads) . C, Lung of a pig with numerous Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites (t) on the alveolar surface. … B, Toxoplasma bradyzoites with conoid (arrow), micronemes (mi), and rhoptries (r) surrounded by a cyst wall (arrowheads) . C, Lung of a pig with numerous Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites (t) on the alveolar surface. …

Nanoscale insights into hematology: super-resolved imaging on blood cell structure, function, and pathology.

Fluorescence nanoscopy, also known as super-resolution microscopy, has transcended the conventional resolution barriers and enabled visualization of biological samples at nanometric resolutions. A series of super-resolution techniques have been developed and applied to investigate the molecular distribution, organization, and interactions in blood cells, as well as the underlying mechanisms of blood-cell-associated diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of various fluorescence nanoscopy technologies, outlining their current development stage and the challenges they are facing in term

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… angiogenesis-regulating proteins in platelet-mediated cancer progression Classification models built Figure 3 G [ 85 ] Myeloma dSTORM Distribution of CD19, CD20 on myeloma cells With < 100 antigens per myeloma cell Figure 3 H [ 86 ] Infectious diseases Plasmodium STED Distribution of Plasmodium spp. parasites, micronemes … in platelet-mediated cancer progression | Classification models built | Figure 3 G | [ 85 ] Myeloma | dSTORM | Distribution of CD19, CD20 on myeloma cells | With < 100 antigens per myeloma cell | Figure 3 H | [ 86 ] Infectious diseases Plasmodium | STED | Distribution of Plasmodium spp. parasites, micronemes …

Advanced Diagnostic Techniques

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… Typical structures of coccidian parasites are micronemes ( arrowheads ) and rhoptries ( arrows ). Skeletal muscle ( m ) contains the cyst. Note the nucleus ( n ) of a bradyzoite. C, The dermis of a horse with Leishmania amastigotes ( arrowheads ) within a multinucleate giant cell. … B, Toxoplasma bradyzoites with conoid ( arrow ), micronemes ( mi ), and rhoptries ( r ) surrounded by a cyst wall ( arrowheads ). C, Lung of a pig with numerous Pneumocystis carinii trophozoites ( t ) on the alveolar surface. …

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