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Biosimilars in Oncology: Latest Trends and Regulatory Status.

Biologic-based medicines are used to treat a variety of diseases and account for around one-quarter of the worldwide pharmaceutical market. The use of biologic medications among cancer patients has resulted in substantial advancements in cancer treatment and supportive care. Biosimilar medications (or biosimilars) are very similar to the reference biologic drugs, although they are not identical. As patent protection for some of the most extensively used biologics begins to expire, biosimilars have the potential to enhance access and provide lower-cost options for cancer treatment. Initially, r

Nanogel-Based Precision Bone Regeneration: Rational Design, Biological Barrier Penetration, and Osteoporotic Microenvironment Remodeling.

The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is primarily associated with impaired communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, leading to disrupted bone homeostasis. Conventional biomaterials mainly rely on macroscopic structural support and are limited in their ability to precisely regulate the complex bone microenvironment and overcome biological barriers. As representative soft matter nanoplatforms, nanogels possess unique viscoelastic mechanical properties and adaptive biointerfacial properties, offering new opportunities to overcome physical barriers within bone tissues. Moving beyond previous

Фитохимические вещества, направляемые на сигнализацию BDNF для лечения неврологических расстройств.

Неврологические расстройства определяются ухудшением или нарушением структуры и функции нервной системы. Эти заболевания, включая множественный склероз, болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона, болезнь Хантингтона и шизофрению, вызваны сложными патологическими процессами, в том числе эксцитотоксичностью, нейроинфламмацией, окислительным стрессом, генетическими мутациями и скомпрометированным нейротрофическим сигналом. Несмотря на то, что в настоящее время лекарственные препараты устраняют симптомы, их долгосрочная эффективность ограничена из-за неблагоприятных побочных эффектов и слабых нейроз

Platelet Transfusion for Patients with Cancer: An Update.

BackgroundPlatelet transfusion is essential for preventing and treating hemorrhage in oncology patients and can markedly improve quality of life and survival. However, access to platelet concentrates is often limited by global shortages and logistical constraints, especially in low-resource settings.SummaryMaintaining product quality requires stringent donor screening, pathogen-reduction technologies, and optimized storage conditions to preserve hemostatic function and reduce adverse reactions. Common transfusion-related complications (e.g., alloimmunization, non-hemolytic reactions, and circu

Pathogenesis and Treatment of Myeloma-Related Bone Disease.

Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy of plasma cells that causes bone-destructive lesions and associated skeletal-related events (SREs). The pathogenesis of myeloma-related bone disease (MBD) is the imbalance of the bone-remodeling process, which results from osteoclast activation, osteoblast suppression, and the immunosuppressed bone marrow microenvironment. Many important signaling cascades, including the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis, Notch signaling, the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathways, and signaling molecules, such as DKK-1, sclerostin, osteopontin, activin A, chemokines, and interleukins

Overview of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) occur due to the abnormal proliferation of one or more terminal myeloid cell lines in peripheral blood. Subjects suffering from MPNs display a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors, and thrombotic events are often the cause of death in this population of patients. Herein, we provide a brief overview of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome and their epidemiology in MPNs and examine the common molecular mechanisms between dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, and MPNs, with a special focus on cardiovascular risk, atherosclerosis, and thrombotic events. Further

Emerging insights into the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and its implications for glioblastoma immunotherapy.

Glioblastoma is considered the most common and lethal form of brain cancer. Despite tremendous progress in glioblastoma therapeutics, the profound intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma tumors, the difficulty of agents to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the development of drug resistance as well as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) predominantly account for the failure of existing conventional and targeted therapies. Therefore, there is a growing necessity to decipher the complexity of the TME that promotes immunosuppression and to discover innovative stra

Tumor microenvironment targeted nano-drug delivery systems for multidrug resistant tumor therapy.

In recent years, nano-drug delivery systems (Nano-DDS) that target the tumor microenvironment (TME) to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) have become a research hotspot in the field of cancer therapy. By precisely targeting the TME and regulating its unique pathological features, such as hypoxia, weakly acidic pH, and abnormally expressed proteins, etc., these Nano-DDS enable effective delivery of therapeutic agents and reversal of MDR. This scientific research community is increasing its investment in the development of diversified systems and exploring their anti-drug resistance potential.

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… Firstly, they are differentiated from endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in bone marrow or other tissues, which have high proliferation and differentiation potential and can be recruited to the tumor site and participate in the formation of new blood vessels under specific conditions 51 ; The second …

Review: progression and heterogeneity of multiple sources of mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is often a neglected autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of the joints leading to pain, swelling and restricted movement, particularly affecting specific population groups and severely reducing the quality of life of patients. Certain risk factors (smoking, diet, infections) contribute to the increased prevalence of the disease in patients, with targeted interventions to alleviate symptoms. Due to the complexity of current medications and the lack of a systematic approach to decision-making, Mesenchymal stromal cells therapy has become increasi

How I treat cytopenias after CAR T-cell therapy.

Increasing use of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) has unveiled diverse toxicities warranting specific recognition and management. Cytopenias occurring after CAR-T infusion invariably manifest early (90 days). Variable etiologies of these cytopenias, some of which remain incompletely understood, create clinical conundrums and uncertainties about optimal management strategies. These cytopenias may cause additional sequelae, decreased quality of life, and increased resource use. Early cytopenias are typically attributed to lymphodepletion chemotherapy, however, infections and hyp

The Molecular Aspect of Antitumor Effects of Protease Inhibitor Nafamostat Mesylate and Its Role in Potential Clinical Applications.

Nafamostat mesylate (NM), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor first placed on the market by Japan Tobacco in 1986, has been approved to treat inflammatory-related diseases, such as pancreatitis. Recently, an increasing number of studies have highlighted the promising effects of NM in inhibiting cancer progression. Alone or in combination treatments, studies have shown that NM attenuates various malignant tumors, including pancreatic, colorectal, gastric, gallbladder, and hepatocellular cancers. In this review, based on several activating pathways, including the canonical Nuclear factor-κB (N

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy for refractory' Crohn disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundDespite the availability of numerous treatments for Crohn disease, there are patients who do not respond to any therapy, thereby diminishing their quality of life. The aim of this review is to analyze the efficacy and safety of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation therapy for refractory Crohn disease.MethodsThis work is a systematic review with meta-analysis conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials were consulted. T

Treatment and Prevention of Bone Metastases from Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence for Clinical Practice.

Bone is the most common site of metastasis from breast cancer. Bone metastases from breast cancer are associated with skeletal-related events (SREs) including pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, surgery and radiotherapy to bone, as well as bone pain and hypercalcemia, leading to impaired mobility and reduced quality of life. Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of bone metastases has led to the discovery and clinical utility of bone-targeted agents such as bisphosphonates and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANK-L) antibody, denosumab. Both are now

STAT3 pathway in cancers: Past, present, and future.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT family, discovered in the cytoplasm of almost all types of mammalian cells, plays a significant role in biological functions. The duration of STAT3 activation in normal tissues is a transient event and is strictly regulated. However, in cancer tissues, STAT3 is activated in an aberrant manner and is induced by certain cytokines. The continuous activation of STAT3 regulates the expression of downstream proteins associated with the formation, progression, and metastasis of cancers. Thus, elucidating the mechanisms o

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… Integrins can integrate signals between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular and chemokines, such as CCL4, to coordinate the migration of circulating endothelial progenitor cells to the hypoxic area. 152 VEGF is associated with vascular development and is regarded as one of the most important … Mesenchymal stem cells attract endothelial progenitor cells via a positive feedback loop between CXCR2 and CXCR4. Stem Cells Int. 2019;2019:4197164. 74. Yu CL, Meyer DJ, Campbell GS, et al. Enhanced DNA‐binding activity of a Stat3‐related protein in cells transformed by the Src oncoprotein. …

Neurotransmitters in cancer: how receptor signaling and posttranslational modifications modulate tumor progression and offer new therapeutic targets.

Recent studies highlight the multifaceted roles of neurotransmitters in tumor immunomodulation, offering novel avenues for increasing therapeutic efficacy. These signaling molecules are classified into cholinergic agents, monoamines, amino acids, and peptides and regulate tumorigenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion via autocrine/paracrine pathways and receptor-mediated interactions. Notably, neurotransmitters influence tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune cell activity by modulating intracellular signaling cascades through posttranslational modifications (serotonylation and dopami

Immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of type I interferons and their application in cancer therapy.

During the last decades, the pleiotropic antitumor functions exerted by type I interferons (IFNs) have become universally acknowledged, especially their role in mediating interactions between the tumor and the immune system. Indeed, type I IFNs are now appreciated as a critical component of dendritic cell (DC) driven T cell responses to cancer. Here we focus on IFN-α and IFN-β, and their antitumor effects, impact on immune responses and their use as therapeutic agents. IFN-α/β share many properties, including activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and induction of a variety of cellular p

Exosomes: innovative biomarkers leading the charge in non-invasive cancer diagnostics.

Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by diverse cell types, have emerged as promising biomarkers for non-invasive tumor diagnostics, offering significant advantages over traditional methods. These vesicles, typically ranging from 30 to 150 nanometers in size, carry a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, RNA, and microRNAs, which reflect the molecular alterations occurring within their parent cells. Notably, exosomes can be isolated from easily accessible biofluids such as blood, urine, and saliva, making them ideal candidates for liquid biopsy applications. This review explores th

Mechanisms of Action of the New Antibodies in Use in Multiple Myeloma.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against antigen-specific of multiple myeloma (MM) cells have Fc-dependent immune effector mechanisms, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), but the choice of the antigen is crucial for the development of effective immuno-therapy in MM. Recently new immunotherapeutic options in MM patients have been developed against different myeloma-related antigens as drug conjugate-antibody, bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CA

COVID-19 signalome: Pathways for SARS-CoV-2 infection and impact on COVID-19 associated comorbidity.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been the focus of research the past two years. The major breakthrough was made by discovering pathways related to SARS-CoV-2 infection through cellular interaction by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) and cytokine storm. The presence of ACE2 in lungs, intestines, cardiovascular tissues, brain, kidneys, liver, and eyes shows that SARS-CoV-2 may have targeted these organs to further activate intracellular signalling pathways that lead to cytokine release syndrome. It has also been reported that SARS-CoV-2 can hijack coatomer protein-I (COPI) for S protein retrograde

Cell Therapy for Colorectal Cancer: The Promise of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cells.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global public health problem as it is the third most prevalent and the second most lethal cancer worldwide. Major efforts are underway to understand its molecular pathways as well as to define the tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumour-specific antigens (TSAs) or neoantigens, in order to develop an effective treatment. Cell therapies are currently gaining importance, and more specifically chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, in which genetically modified T cells are redirected against the tumour antigen of interest. This immunotherapy has emerged a