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Maintaining Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte infectivity during blood collection and transport for mosquito feeding assays in the field.

BACKGROUND: Mosquito feeding assays using venous blood are commonly used for evaluating the transmission potential of malaria infected individuals. To improve the accuracy of these assays, care must be taken to prevent premature activation or inactivation of gametocytes before they are fed to mosquitoes. This can be challenging in the field where infected individuals and insectary facilities are sometimes very far apart. In this study, a simple, reliable, field applicable method is presented for storage and transport of gametocyte infected blood using a thermos flask. METHODS: The optimal sto

Kerteszia cruzii and extra-Amazonian malaria in Brazil: Challenges due to climate change in the Atlantic Forest.

Kerteszia cruzii is a sylvatic mosquito and the primary vector of Plasmodium spp., which can cause malaria in humans in areas outside the Amazon River basin in Brazil. Anthropic changes in the natural environments are the major drivers of massive deforestation and local climate change, with serious impacts on the dynamics of mosquito communities and on the risk of acquiring malaria. Considering the lack of information on the dynamics of malaria transmission in areas across the Atlantic Forest biome, where Ke. cruzii is the dominant vector, and the impact of climate drivers of malaria, the pres

Ordinal regression models for zero-inflated and/or over-dispersed count data.

Count data commonly arise in natural sciences but adequately modeling these data is challenging due to zero-inflation and over-dispersion. While multiple parametric modeling approaches have been proposed, unfortunately there is no consensus regarding how to choose the best model. In this article, we propose a ordinal regression model (MN) as a default model for count data given that this model is shown to fit well data that arise from several types of discrete distributions. We extend this model to allow for automatic model selection (MN-MS) and show that the MN-MS model generates superior inf

Time-of-day of blood-feeding: effects on mosquito life history and malaria transmission.

BACKGROUND: Biological rhythms allow organisms to compartmentalise and coordinate behaviours, physiologies, and cellular processes with the … quito life history traits and malaria transmission. METHODS: We present three experiments in which Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed in the morning or evening on blood that had different qualities, including: (i) chemical-induced or (ii) Plasmodium chabaudi infection-induced anaemia; (iii) Plasmodium berghei infection but no anaemia; or (iv) stemming …

Hold your breath - Differential behavioral and sensory acuity of mosquitoes to acetone and carbon dioxide.

Host seeking in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii, relies on specific and generic host-derived odorants. Previous analyses indicate that the behavioral response of these species depends differentially on the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other constituents in human breath for activation and attraction. In this study, we use a flight tube assay and electrophysiological analysis to assess the role of acetone, a major component of exhaled human breath, in modulating the behavioral and sensory neuronal response of these mosquito s…

Prevalence of disease vectors in Lakshadweep Islands during post-monsoon season.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: : Increase of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in India has posed a question on the situation in Lakshadweep Islands, w … a. Out of the 16 species, six belonged to mosquito vectors. The collection included malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi; Japanese encephalitis vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus; Bancroftian filariasis vector, Cx. quinquefasciatus; Brugian filariasis vector, Mansonia uniformis; and dengue and chikungunya vectors, Stegomya albopicta and St. aegypti. Stegomya al …

Mind the gap: house structure and the risk of malaria in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: Good house construction may reduce the risk of malaria by limiting the entry of mosquito vectors. We assessed how house design m … metal roof; and closed eaves) or traditional (all other homes). RESULTS: A total of 113,618 female Anopheles were collected over 6,765 nights. 6,816 routine blood smears were taken of which 1,061 (15.6%) were malaria parasite positive. 2,582 episodes of uncomplicated malaria were diagnosed after 1,569 person years of follow-up, giving an overall incidence …

Fern-synthesized nanoparticles in the fight against malaria: LC/MS analysis of Pteridium aquilinum leaf extract and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with high mosquitocidal and antiplasmodial activity.

Malaria remains a major public health problem due to the emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum strains resistant to chloroquine. The … rutin were 7.93 and 6.35 μg/ml. In mosquitocidal assays, LC50 of P. aquilinum leaf extract against Anopheles stephensi larvae and pupae were 220.44 ppm (larva I), 254.12 ppm (II), 302.32 ppm (III), 395.12 ppm (IV), and 502.20 ppm (pupa). LC50 of P. aquilinum-synthesized AgNP were 7.48 ppm (I), 10.68 ppm (II), 13.77 ppm (III), 18.45 ppm (IV), and 31.51 ppm …

Is housing quality associated with malaria incidence among young children and mosquito vector numbers? Evidence from Korogwe, Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Several studies conducted in Northeast Tanzania have documented declines in malaria transmission even before interventions were … used to predict risk factors for child malaria incidence and the mean total number of indoor female Anopheles gambiae and funestus mosquitoes collected per household across three occasions. FINDINGS: Building materials have substantially improved in Korogwe over time. Multivariate regressions showed that residing in rural areas (versus urban) increased mal …

Efficacy of larvicidal activity of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Mangifera indica extract against blood-feeding parasites.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are considered to be among the best photocatalytic materials due to their long-term thermodynamic … alomma anatolicum anatolicum and Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Acari: Ixodidae), fourth instar larvae of Anopheles subpictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) were assessed. The green synthesized TiO2 NPs were analyzed by UV-Vis, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), AFM, SEM, and TEM. The XRD analysis of synthesized TiO2 NPs revealed the dominant peak a …

Risk factors for mosquito house entry in the Lao PDR.

BACKGROUND: Construction of the Nam Theun 2 hydroelectric project and flooding of a 450 km(2) area of mountain plateau in south-central Lao PDR resulted in the resettlement of 6,300 people to newly built homes. We examined whether new houses would have altered risk of house entry by mosquitoes compared with traditional homes built from poorer construction materials. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Surveys were carried out in the Nam Theun 2 resettlement area and a nearby traditional rice farming area in 2010. Mosquitoes were sampled in bedrooms using CDC light traps in 96 resettlement houses

Eco-friendly approach using marine actinobacteria and its compounds to control ticks and mosquitoes.

Ticks and mosquitoes are ectoparasitic arthropods that can transmit a variety of diseases to humans and animals during blood feeding and causing serious infectious disorders. The purpose of the present study was to assess the acaricidal and insecticidal property of ethyl acetate extract and its compounds isolated from marine actinobacteria, Streptomyces VITSTK7 sp. against the larvae of cattle ticks, Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae); fourth-instar larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus; and filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera…

Rotenoids from Lablab purpureus L. and their bioefficacy against human disease vectors.

Various plant parts of Lablab purpureu s L. were collected and analyzed separately for their rotenoid content. Among the plant parts, the maximum content was in the roots and minimum in the seeds. The identity of different rotenoids was confirmed by melting point, mixed melting point, UV, and infrared spectral studies and gas-liquid chromatography. Six rotenoids (deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin, and sumatrol) were isolated, identified, and quantified both in vivo and in vitro. Toxicological studies of extracts showed bioefficacy against causal agents of malaria, dracunc

Selective and irreversible inhibitors of mosquito acetylcholinesterases for controlling malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases.

New insecticides are urgently needed because resistance to current insecticides allows resurgence of disease-transmitting mosquitoes while concerns for human toxicity from current compounds are growing. We previously reported the finding of a free cysteine (Cys) residue at the entrance of the active site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in some insects but not in mammals, birds, and fish. These insects have two AChE genes (AP and AO), and only AP-AChE carries the Cys residue. Most of these insects are disease vectors such as the African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto) or crop …

The evolution of virulence and host specialization in malaria parasites of primates.

Parasite virulence, i.e. the damage done to the host, may be a by-product of the parasite's effort to maximize its fitness. Accordingly, several life-history trade-offs may explain interspecific differences in virulence, but such constraints remain little tested in an evolutionary context. In this phylogenetic study of primate malarias, I investigated the relationship between virulence and other parasite life-history traits. I used peak parasitaemia as a proxy for virulence, because it reflected parasite reproductive success and parasite-induced mortality. Peak parasitaemia was higher in speci

Engineering and malaria control: learning from the past 100 years.

Traditionally, engineering and environment-based interventions have contributed to the prevention of malaria in Asia. However, with the introduction of DDT and other potent insecticides, chemical control became the dominating strategy. The renewed interest in environmental-management-based approaches for the control of malaria vectors follows the rapid development of resistance by mosquitoes to the widely used insecticides, the increasing cost of developing new chemicals, logistical constraints involved in the implementation of residual-spraying programs and the environmental concerns linked t

'Anti-malaria month'--a step forward in multisectoral collaboration and community involvement in malaria control.

For a long time malaria control in India has largely been a government responsibility with little involvement of the community at large, and other sectors of the economy in the control efforts. There is now increasing realisation that involvement of the community and a multi-sectoral approach should be essential components of the malaria control strategy. The National Malaria Eradication Programme is accordingly laying greater emphasis on coordination with other sectors of the economy, and changing community perceptions and health-related behaviour. A massive programme of community mobilisatio

In mosquitoes, warmer temperature reverses the aging-dependent decrease in nitric oxide synthase activity, modifying the expression of oxidative stress and immune genes.

In mosquitoes, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) are immune effectors, byproducts of metabolism, and regulators of homeostasis. However, imbalances in ROS and RNS cause oxidative stress. Given that warmer temperature accelerates the aging-dependent weakening of immunity, we hypothesized that temperature and aging interactively modify the production of ROS/RNS like nitric oxide, and their effects. We tested this in Anopheles gambiae by rearing mosquitoes at 27C, 30C and 32C, and assessing phenotypes at 1, 5, 10 and 15 days of adulthood. Using NADPH diaphorase staining, we show …

Злоумышленная малярия: результаты вскрытия и морфологические характеристики.

ВАЖНЯЯ малярия, обусловленная инфекцией плазмодия фальципарума, передающейся москитами < < Анофелес > > , представляет собой чрезвычайную ситуацию, угрожающую жизни людей и приводящую к высокому уровню смертности в странах Африки к югу от Сахары. P. falciparum инфицирует красные кровяные клетки, вызывая их агрегацию и сцепление с эндотелиальной облицовкой малых сосудов. Этот микроваскулированный секвестр может препятствовать кровотоку, что приводит к ишемии и кровоизлиянию в организм, вызванному разрывом небольших судов. В случае внезапной смерти диагноз возможен только после вскры

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Malignant malaria, resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, is a life-threatening emergency leading to high mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa. P. falciparum infects red blood cells causing their aggregation and adhesion to the endothelial lining of small vessels. This microvascular sequestration can o…