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Covert transmission of hepatitis C virus during bloody fisticuffs.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted primarily through direct percutaneous exposure to infected blood. Sporadic HCV cases exist and may represent more than 10% of HCV transmission. We report the first case of documented transmission of HCV during a fight from a person who unknowingly had chronic HCV infection to a person who subsequently contracted acute hepatitis C. Patient-to-patient transmission was ascertained by sequence analysis of part of the NS5B genome and phylogenetic analysis. This case report suggests that sporadic HCV infection may be a result of blood exposure. This example of

Heat illness in the athlete.

Heat illness is one of the most common causes of disability in American football and there are frequent deaths caused by heatstroke. A better understanding of the physiology of heatstroke has changed the manner of the approach to heat problems in the past 25 years. Sweating is the way the body dissipates the internal heat produced by muscular exercise. Since sweat is hypotonic, the result of excessive loss of weight through sweating is a water deficit in the body. The clinical disorders resulting from exercise in hot and humid environment are heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, and hea…

Presurgical perspective and postsurgical evaluation of acromioclavicular joint instability.

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocations are a common cause of pain in patients of any age. Athletes who participate in contact sports, such as hockey, football, rugby, and soccer, are particularly susceptible to such injuries. The ACJ has an important role in the function of the upper limb, and its complexity of movement makes it susceptible to acute injuries and chronic dysfunction with debilitating effects that must be treated appropriately and promptly to preserve function. Recently, ACJ has received increasing attention due to the development of new surgical techniques for the restorati…

Intratendinous hamstring injuries: sequential MRIs as a tool to reduce the risk of reinjury in elite sport.

Hamstring injuries are the most common muscle injuries in elite football. Injuries involving the intramuscular tendon are considered more significant, with longer return to play (RTP) times and an increased risk of reinjury. MRI is the gold standard investigation for muscle injuries, but initial findings cannot accurately determine RTP times. The role of MRI in monitoring muscle and tendon healing is not well described. We present three cases of hamstring injuries with intramuscular tendon involvement, illustrating the changes seen on MRI during progressive tendon healing and describing how we…

People with amputations in rural Sierra Leone: the impact of 3D-printed prostheses.

We report the case of a man with a transhumeral amputation in a rural area of Sierra Leone. The patient had fractured his humerus during a football match. Due to lack of transportation and medical centres nearby, the patient was seen by a traditional healer. Although the traditional healer expected the fractured bone to heal within 3 days, the open fracture became infected. This finally resulted in a transhumeral amputation. The patient began to have a lack of self-confidence and felt excluded from society. He could not afford a conventionally fabricated prosthesis. Fourteen years later, the p…

Parkin the bus to manage stress.

Autophagy, the process by which damaged or potentially cytotoxic cytosolic components are removed and destroyed by lysosomes, occurs to varying extents in all cells. Mitophagy describes an autophagic response that specifically targets damaged cytotoxic mitochondria for removal. This aggressive defense-first policy ("parking the bus" in footballing terms) serves to protect the intracellular environment from cytotoxic mitochondrial components and maintain intracellular homeostasis. While mitophagy pathways have been extensively studied (Harper et al, 2018), precisely how the selective removal of…

Small Bowel Intussusception: A Dangerous Sequela of Bariatric Surgery.

A 31-year-old woman who had successfully undergone bariatric surgery (gastric bypass with Roux-en-Y anastamosis) three years earlier presented with complaints of acute epigastric abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Computed tomography (CT) showed small bowel intussusception, and the patient was taken to the operating room. A mass the size and shape of a football was found; the mass consisted of the proximal limb of the Roux-en-Y intussuscepted in a retrograde manner. The bowel was gently reduced, deemed viable, and the Roux-en-Y anastamosis was revised with resection of the lead point. We ur…

Proximal hamstring avulsion in a professional soccer player.

Acute hamstring strains are a common athletic injury, which may be treated non-operatively with a satisfactory outcome. A complete proximal hamstring avulsion is a rare and potentially career ending injury to an elite athlete. For these high demand patients, surgical reattachment should be immediately undertaken to shorten return to sport and to improve functional outcome. This report describes the occurrence of a complete avulsion of the proximal hamstrings in a professional footballer during an international match. We highlight the clinical presentation, the appropriate diagnostic investigat…

Combined ACL-posterolateral corner injury in a skeletally immature athlete.

Combined injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterolateral structures of the knee is a rare yet increasingly recognized clin … present a case of a 12-year-old boy who sustained an ACL-posterolateral corner injury while playing football, and subsequently underwent acute repair of the posterolateral structures with a plan to perform ACL reconstruction at a later date.

Acute rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon in a collegiate athlete.

In rare incidences of combined ruptures of the ACL and patellar tendon, either the patellar tendon ruptures or the associated ACL tear is often initially missed. Even when recognized, there is no established treatment regimen. We report a case of an intercollegiate football player with a combined rupture of the ACL and patellar tendon that was successfully treated by primary augmented repair of the patellar tendon along with ACL reconstruction. Similar to other reported cases, the mechanism of injury involved forceful eccentric contraction of the quadriceps against a fixed foot. Superior displ…

Asymptomatic cerebellar atrophy after acute enteroviral encephalitis.

We report on a 13-year-old male who had acute enteroviral encephalitis causing cerebellar symptoms at the age of 10 years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no abnormalities. Clinically he appeared to be recovered completely after 6 months. Twenty-three months after the recovery, MRI was performed because he presented with slight lower-limb and truncal ataxia experienced as lack of foot coordination while playing football or riding a bicycle. MRI demonstrated severe cerebellar atrophy. Clinically he recovered completely in 10 days. Only sophisticated electrophysiological methods revealed…

Neuropraxia of the cervical spinal cord following cervical spinal cord trauma: a report of five patients.

Neuropraxia of the cervical spinal cord is a rare condition which is almost exclusively reported in American football players following cervical hyperextension or hyperflexion trauma. In this entity-neurological symptoms of both arms and legs for a period of up to 15 minutes are observed with complete recovery. We report the characteristics of five patients not involved in contact sport activities with a neuropraxia of the spinal cord following cervical trauma. In four of the five patients, this syndrome was associated with a cervical canal stenosis. Surgical decompression was performed in two…

The shoulder in sports.

Many sports activities that involve the upper extremity entail similar patterns of movement. Analysis of these activities, a better understa … uff. Sports that are commonly associated with shoulder problems include swimming, baseball, tennis, football, and gymnastics. Treatment may comprise rest, changes in training methods, an alteration of technique, and a physical rehabilitation program. Surgical treatment has a well-defined role, but it is usually optional.

Двусторонний реверторный Корнейл Эдема как Новое боковое действие Levetiracatam - доклад по делу.

КОНТЕКСТ: Столкновения во время атлетики в старших классах средней школы являются серьезной проблемой для здоровья, и исследования, посвященные сотрясениям со временем разрешения симптомов (СРТ) 15 в адрес 28 Дни были ограничены. ЦЕЛЬ: Сопоставление сотрясений, которые имели SRT 15 в адрес 28 дня с сотрясением сотрясения, при котором SRT больше, чем 28 Дни среди американских спортсменов. DESIGN: Диспетчерское эпидемиологическое исследование. Поликлиники спортивной подготовки средней школы. БОЛЬШИЕ УЧАСТНИКИ: Атлеты средней школы. ОСНОВНЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ(Ы): Частота сотрясения, число симп

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
CONTEXT: Concussions incurred during high school athletics are a significant health concern, and studies examining concussions with a sympto … an SRT of 15 days or more were reported in boys' sports (n = 78) than girls' sports (n = 39). Boys' football (51.7%) and girls' basketball (11.5%) accounted for the largest proportions of all reported concussions with an SRT of 15 to 28 days; boys' football (58.6%) accounted for the greatest proportion of concussions reported with an SRT greater than 28 da …

CCL2 is associated with microglia and macrophage recruitment in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disease association with exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI) received though playing contact sports such as American football. Past work has implicated early and sustained activation of microglia as a potential driver of tau pathology within the frontal cortex in CTE. However, the RHI induced signals required to recruit microglia to areas of damage and pathology are unknown. METHODS: Postmortem brain tissue was obtained from 261 individuals acr…