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Metastatic Breast Cancer: Review of Emerging Nanotherapeutics.

Metastases of breast cancer (BC) are often referred to as stage IV breast cancer due to their severity and high rate of mortality. The median survival time of patients with metastatic BC is reduced to 3 years. Currently, the treatment regimens for metastatic BC are similar to the primary cancer therapeutics and are limited to conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. However, metastatic BC shows organ-specific complex tumor cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and a distinct tumor microenvironment, leading to therapeutic failure. This issue can be successfully addressed b

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… The effectiveness of INP was tested using a human triple-negative BC (TNBC, MDA-MB-231 cells) orthotopic model in athymic nude mouse brains [ 113 ]. …

Antimitotic drugs in the treatment of cancer.

Cancer is a complex disease since it is adaptive in such a way that it can promote proliferation and invasion by means of an overactive cell cycle and in turn cellular division which is targeted by antimitotic drugs that are highly validated chemotherapy agents. However, antimitotic drug cytotoxicity to non-tumorigenic cells and multiple cancer resistance developed in response to drugs such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids are obstacles faced in both the clinical and basic research field to date. In this review, the classes of antimitotic compounds, their mechanisms of action and cancer cell res

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… KEMTUB10 triggers apoptosis in MCF-7- and MDA-MB-231 cells by p53 upregulation and downregulation of Bim [ 49 ]. … In both ESE-15-ol and ESE-16 exposed cells, there was a disruption in phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic binding protein, Bcl-2, at serine 70 in the MDA-MB-231 (−) cell line, indicating activation of apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway, corresponding with the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential …

Regulation of microRNAs by natural agents: new strategies in cancer therapies.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA which regulate gene expression by messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or translation repression. The plethora of published reports in recent years demonstrated that they play fundamental roles in many biological processes, such as carcinogenesis, angiogenesis, programmed cell death, cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and differentiation by acting as tumour suppressor or oncogene, and aberrations in their expressions have been linked to onset and progression of various cancers. Furthermore, each miRNA is capable of regulating the expression of many

Ginsenoside Rg3: Potential Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Indication in Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is still one of the most prevalent cancers and a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The key challenge with cancer treatment is the choice of the best therapeutic agents with the least possible toxicities on the patient. Recently, attention has been drawn to herbal compounds, in particular ginsenosides, extracted from the root of the Ginseng plant. In various studies, significant anti-cancer properties of ginsenosides have been reported in different cancers. The mode of action of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models and its value as an anti-canc

Research progress in inducing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a regulated cell death (RCD) pathway. In response to physical and chemical signals, tumor cells activate specific signaling pathways that stimulate stress responses in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and expose damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which promote antitumor immune responses. As a result, the tumor microenvironment is altered, and many tumor cells are killed. The ICD response in tumor cells requires inducers. These inducers can be from different sources and contribute to the development of the ICD either indirectly or directly. The combinati

An Updated Review on Marine Anticancer Compounds: The Use of Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Small-Molecule Cancer Drugs.

Marine secondary metabolites are a promising source of unexploited drugs that have a wide structural diversity and have shown a variety of biological activities. These compounds are produced in response to the harsh and competitive conditions that occur in the marine environment. Invertebrates are considered to be among the groups with the richest biodiversity. To date, a significant number of marine natural products (MNPs) have been established as antineoplastic drugs. This review gives an overview of MNPs, both in research or clinical stages, from diverse organisms that were reported as bein

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… Strongylophorine-26 is a meroditerpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Petrosia ( Strongylophora ) corticata [ 225 ] that inhibits the invasion of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells and has antimigratory activity, as determined in an in vitro wound-healing assay. …

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Curcumin-Mediated Therapeutic Effects in Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer.

The growing prevalence of age-related diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cancer, has become global health and economic problems. Due to multifactorial nature of both diseases, their pathophysiology is not completely understood so far. Compelling evidence indicates that increased oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their clearance by antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as the proinflammatory state contributes to the development and progression of the diseases. Curcumin (CUR; diferuloylmethane), a well-kn

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… In breast cancer cells, CUR downregulated MMP9 by blocking the PKC α /MAPK/NF- κ B/AP1 pathway (in the MCF7 cell line) or the TGF β /Smad and TGF β /ERK signaling pathways (in the MDA-MB-231 cell line) [ 68 , 69 ]. … Curcumin inhibits TGF-β1-induced MMP-9 and invasion through ERK and Smad signaling in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2012;13(11):5709–5714. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.11.5709. 70. Chen Q., Gao Q., Chen K., Wang Y., Chen L., Li X. …

Каннабиноиды в раке: Молекулярные механизмы смерти клеток и возможности перевода.

Каннабиноиды представляют собой терпенофенолические соединения, полученные из Cannabis sativa L., которые осуществляют широкий спектр биологической и фармакологической деятельности. Растущие данные свидетельствуют об их потенциале как модуляторов развития рака, особенно посредством подавления роста клеток опухоли, ангиогенеза и метастаза в различных моделях опухоли. В настоящем обзоре содержится всеобъемлющий обзор молекулярных механизмов, с помощью которых природные и синтетические каннабиноиды вызывают регулируемую смерть раковых клеток. Текущие данные свидетельствуют о том, что каннабиноиды

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… -231 cells Non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells | Apoptosis | ↑ calcium through TRPV1 ↑ ER stress ↑ ROS production | [ 62 ] MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells | Autophagy | ↓ fibronectin, vimentin, and integrins (-alpha5, -beta5, -beta1) ↓ beclin-1 and ATG5, 7, 16. | [ 63 ] Lung cancer | A549 cells | Apoptosis … Furthermore, CBD induces oxidative stress and activates the unfolded protein response in MCF7 cells but not in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells. …

Lithium: A Promising Anticancer Agent.

Lithium is a therapeutic cation used to treat bipolar disorders but also has some important features as an anti-cancer agent. In this review, we provide a general overview of lithium, from its transport into cells, to its innovative administration forms, and based on genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. Lithium formulations such as lithium acetoacetate (LiAcAc), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium citrate (Li3C6H5O7), and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) induce apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of tumor growth and also participate in the regulation of tumor proliferation, tumor invasion, and

Pectin: A Bioactive Food Polysaccharide with Cancer Preventive Potential.

Pectin is an acidic heteropolysaccharide found in the cell walls and the primary and middle lamella of land plants. To be authorized as a food additive, industrial pectins must meet strict guidelines set forth by the Food and Agricultural Organization and must contain at least 65% polygalacturonic acid to achieve the E440 level. Fruit pectin derived from oranges or apples is commonly used in the food industry to gel or thicken foods and to stabilize acid-based milk beverages. It is a naturally occurring component and can be ingested by dietary consumption of fruit and vegetables. Preventing lo

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… Polybotanical compounds BreastDefend (BD) or ProstaCaid (PC) used in combination with MCP reduced the invasive potential of highly metastatic human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. … In addition, oxidative and strand-break DNA damage was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells, slowing proliferation [ 16 ]. …

Role of bone marrow adipocytes in bone metastasis development and progression: a systematic review.

PurposeBone marrow adipocytes (BMAs) are the most plentiful cells in the bone marrow and function as an endocrine organ by producing fatty acids, cytokines, and adipokines. Consequently, BMAs can interact with tumor cells, influencing both tumor growth and the onset and progression of bone metastasis. This review aims to systematically evaluate the role of BMAs in the development and progression of bone metastasis.MethodsA comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analys

Advances in Gold Nanoparticle-Based Combined Cancer Therapy.

According to the global cancer observatory (GLOBOCAN), there are approximately 18 million new cancer cases per year worldwide. Cancer therapies are largely limited to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. In radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the maximum tolerated dose is presently being used to treat cancer patients. The integrated development of innovative nanoparticle (NP) based approaches will be a key to address one of the main issues in both radiotherapy and chemotherapy: normal tissue toxicity. Among other inorganic NP systems, gold nanoparticle (GNP) based systems offer the means to fur

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… An additive relationship was discovered when treated with GNPs, cisplatin, and radiation in MDA-MB-231 cells. The use of GNPs may be an important avenue to explore when integrating cisplatin into chemoradiation protocols. …

Marine-Derived Bisindoles for Potent Selective Cancer Drug Discovery and Development.

Marine-derived bisindoles exhibit structural diversity and exert anti-cancer influence through multiple mechanisms. Comprehensive research has shown that the development success rate of drugs derived from marine natural products is four times higher than that of other natural derivatives. Currently, there are 20 marine-derived drugs used in clinical practice, with 11 of them demonstrating anti-tumor effects. This article provides a thorough review of recent advancements in anti-tumor exploration involving 167 natural marine bisindole products and their derivatives. Not only has enzastaurin ent

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… Eusynstyelamide B ( 97 ) ( Figure 7 ), a natural product isolated from ascidians, was tested for toxicity on MDA-MB-231 cells, resulting in an IC 50 of 5.0 µM. Further cell cycle analysis revealed significant stagnation in the G2/M phase [ 69 ]. … Research has shown that compound 138 can regulate the ERK1/2, Akt, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways in MDA-MB-231 cells, as well as downregulate myc. …

Efficacy of Polymer-Based Nanocarriers for Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Selected Anticancer Drugs.

Cancer remains a heavy health burden resulting in a high rate of mortality around the world. The presently used anticancer drugs suffer from several shortcomings, such as drug toxicity, poor biodegradability and bioavailability, and poor water solubility and drug resistance. Cancer is treated effectively by combination therapy whereby two or more anticancer drugs are employed. Most of the combination chemotherapies result in a synergistic effect and overcome drug resistance. Furthermore, the design of polymer-based nanocarriers for combination therapy has been reported by several researchers t

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… . | Intravenously | [ 91 ] Polymer-drug conjugates | Hyaluronan | Curcumin and alendronate | Breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) | The uptake and cytotoxic effect of the nanocarriers were higher in MDA-MB-231 cells when compared to MCF-7 cells | - | [ 103 ] Polymer-drug conjugates | PEG | … The uptake and cytotoxic effect of the nanocarriers were higher in MDA-MB-231 cells when compared to MCF-7 cells because of a higher expression of the CD44 receptor in the MDA-MB-231 cells. …

Levels of active tyrosine kinase receptor determine the tumor response to Zalypsis.

BackgroundZalypsis(®) is a marine compound in phase II clinical trials for multiple myeloma, cervical and endometrial cancer, and Ewing's sarcoma. However, the determinants of the response to Zalypsis are not well known. The identification of biomarkers for Zalypsis activity would also contribute to broaden the spectrum of tumors by selecting those patients more likely to respond to this therapy.MethodsUsing in vitro drug sensitivity data coupled with a set of molecular data from a panel of sarcoma cell lines, we developed molecular signatures that predict sensitivity to Zalypsis. We verified

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… We found constitutive activation of the PDGFR signal, either α or β, in the A2780, Calu6, HGC27, and SW1990 cell lines and also in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, EGFR was constitutively activated in SKOV3 cells. None of the 9 cell lines showed c-Kit activation (data not shown). … However, the correlation did not occur in all cell lines because MDA-MB-231 cells had a low IC50, indicating that other factors may contribute to Zalypsis sensitivity in this cell line. …

A Narrative Review on the Antitumoral Effects of Selected Mediterranean Plant Products from Southern Italy.

Natural products are a valuable source of bioactive compounds with established roles in oncology. Their structural diversity and ability to target multiple cancer-related pathways make them promising candidates for anticancer drug development. Increasing preclinical and clinical data highlight their potential not only to exert direct antitumor effects but also to enhance patient tolerance to conventional therapies by reducing side effects and improving treatment adherence. The Mediterranean region, known for its biodiversity and traditional dietary habits, provides a rich array of natural comp

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… In both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, it increases ROS levels and promotes apoptosis by inhibiting Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling cascade [ 83 ]. …

Methyl jasmonate: putative mechanisms of action on cancer cells cycle, metabolism, and apoptosis.

Methyl jasmonate (MJ), an oxylipid that induces defense-related mechanisms in plants, has been shown to be active against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, without affecting normal cells. Here we review most of the described MJ activities in an attempt to get an integrated view and better understanding of its multifaceted modes of action. MJ (1) arrests cell cycle, inhibiting cell growth and proliferation, (2) causes cell death through the intrinsic/extrinsic proapoptotic, p53-independent apoptotic, and nonapoptotic (necrosis) pathways, (3) detaches hexokinase from the voltage-dependent

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… Overexpression of 5-LOX has been shown in tissue samples of primary tumor cells [ 212 ], in established cancer cell lines and most human aggressive cancers such as breast MDA-MB-231 cells [ 208 ], PC-3 prostate cells [ 47 , 204 , 205 , 207 , 213 ], bladder [ 15 , 214 ], esophagus [ 211 , 215 ], pancreas … -231 cells and in MDA-MB-435 cancer cells [ 74 , 251 ]. …

Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Metastasis: Key Players in the Tumor Microenvironment and Promising Therapeutic Targets.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membranous vesicles that are released from every type of cell. It has become clear that EVs are involved in a variety of biological phenomena, including cancer progression, and play critical roles in intracellular communication through the horizontal transfer of cellular cargoes such as proteins, DNA fragments, RNAs including mRNA and non-coding RNAs (microRNA, piRNA, and long non-coding RNA) and lipids. The most common cause of death associated with cancer is metastasis. Recent investigations have revealed that EVs are deeply associated with metastasis.

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… Ono et al. described that coculturing bone metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells with bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) suppressed tumor cell proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapy, suggesting the acquisition of a dormant phenotype by tumor cells [ 71 ]. … The imDCs were also designed to express the EV membrane protein Lamp2b fused to an αv integrin-specific iRGD peptide (CRGDKGPDC) to increase interactions with αv-expressing target cells such as MDA-MB-231 cells. iRGD DXR-sEVs were effective in suppressing MDA-MB-231 cells in an orthotopic mouse model …

Conference Proceedings - 6th International Conference on Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarker Discovery (MDBD 2022): Building Resilience in Biomedical Research : Penang, Malaysia. 11-13 October 2022.

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… Moreover, CM from M0, M0+UC-MSC, M0+LPS and M0+LPS+UC-MSC significantly reduced the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells at 72 h compared with 24 h treatment respectively. … Besides, miR-3934 also enhanced (p<0.05) the invasion and migration abilities of the MDA-MB-231 cell line as compared to un-transfected control and clones that expressed scrambled control sequences. …

Genome Editing Approaches with CRISPR/Cas9 for Cancer Treatment: Critical Appraisal of Preclinical and Clinical Utility, Challenges, and Future Research.

The increasing burden on human malignant diseases became a major concern for healthcare practitioners, that must deal with tumor relapse and the inability to efficiently treat metastasis, in addition to side effects. Throughout the decades, many therapeutic strategies have been employed to improve the clinical outcomes of cancer patients and great efforts have been made to develop more efficient and targeted medicines. The malignant cell is characterized by genetic and epigenetic modifications, therefore targeting those specific drivers of carcinogenesis is highly desirable. Among the genome e

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… As the CTCF gene is inactivated in metastatic tumors, its expression in MDA-MB-231 cells led to reduced cell migration in vitro after transfection with double plasmid CRISPR/Cas9-HDR system packed in tumor-targeted nanoparticles. …