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[Breast carcinoma in the man. Current results from the viewpoint of clinic and pathology].

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor in women, whereas it is rare in men. In our own case series the ratio is 175:1. The prese … be found in nearly every second tumor. However, when multiple markers were used (chromogranin A or synaptophysin) only 10% displayed such pattern, which corresponded to a positive hormone receptor status in each case. Quantitative (enzyme immunoassay) and semiquantitative (immunohistochemistry) analysis of steroid hormone receptor status was positive in 86% of …

Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas.

This review summarizes the classification of tumors of the adrenal medulla and extra-adrenal paraganglia as outlined in the 5th series of th … nt the classical sympathetic form. In addition to the general neuroendocrine cell biomarkers INSM1, synaptophysin, and chromogranins, these tumors are typically negative for keratins and instead have highly specific biomarkers, including the GATA3 transcription factor and enzymes involved in catecholamine biosynthesis: tyrosine hydroxylase that converts L-tyros …

Endocrine ductal carcinoma in situ (E-DCIS) of the breast: a form of low-grade DCIS with distinctive clinicopathologic and biologic characteristics.

Endocrine ductal carcinoma in situ (E-DCIS), first characterized by Cross et al. in 1985, is an uncommon entity, and there is little informa … t. The majority of tumor cells showed strong staining with the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase (monoclonal). Immunostaining also dramatically highlighted the pagetoid spread into the papillomas and ductules by outlining the tumor cells between the negatively stained residual ductal epithelium and myoepithelium. Al …

[Clinicopathologic and molecular characterizations of Sertoli cell tumor, not otherwise specified of the testis].

Objective: To investigate the histomorpholgic spectrum, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic features of Sertoli cell tumor, not otherwis … ning in 2 of 7 cases, CKpan (5/7, focal or diffuse), calretinin (focal, 5/6), inhibin (focal, 3/7), synaptophysin (focal, 2/6), CD56 (focal or diffuse, 4/5), WT1 (diffuse nuclear, 4/5), and S-100 protein (diffuse, 3/7), and chromogranin A, Melan A, PAX8, GATA3 and SALL4 all were negative. Molecular genetic studies of PCR and direct sequencing showed CTNNB1 muta …

A gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter driven by a proton pump is present in synaptic-like microvesicles of pancreatic beta cells.

A variety of peptide-secreting endocrine cells contain a population of recycling microvesicles that share several major membrane polypeptides with neuronal synaptic vesicles (SVs). The function of these synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) remains to be elucidated. It was previously suggested that SLMVs of pancreatic beta cells may store and secrete gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA, the major nonpeptide inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, is stored in and secreted from SVs. GABA uptake into SVs is mediated by a transporter that is driven by a vacuolar proton ATPase. G

Kappa opioid receptors regulate hippocampal synaptic homeostasis and epileptogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) serves as a gain control mechanism at central nervous system (CNS) synapses, including those between the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3. Improper circuit control of DG-CA3 synapses is hypothesized to underlie epileptogenesis. Here, we sought to (1) identify compounds that preferentially modulate DG-CA3 synapses in primary neuronal culture and (2) determine if these compounds would delay or prevent epileptogenesis in vivo. METHODS: We previously developed and validated an in vitro assay to visualize the behavior of DG-CA3 synapses and predict functi

Nerve growth factor regulates the firing patterns and synaptic composition of motoneurons.

Target-derived neurotrophins exert powerful synaptotrophic actions in the adult brain and are involved in the regulation of different forms of synaptic plasticity. Target disconnection produces a profound synaptic stripping due to the lack of trophic support. Consequently, target reinnervation leads to synaptic remodeling and restoration of cellular functions. Extraocular motoneurons are unique in that they normally express the TrkA neurotrophin receptor in the adult, a feature not seen in other cranial or spinal motoneurons, except after lesions such as axotomy or in neurodegenerative disease

Role of Adenosine A1 Receptor in Sleep Deprivation-Induced Neuroinflammation: Insights on Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Fear Extinction Memory Recall in Rats.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep deprivation (SD), stemming from a myriad of aetiologies, is a prevalent health condition frequently overlooked. It typic … e SD and SD+CPT groups (p < 0.001, n = 5). Expression of post-synaptic density protein (PSD-95) and synaptophysin increased and a marked reduction in the Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) expression in activated microglia in the SD+CPT group. 8-CPT partially restored SD-induced decline in serotonin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. SD-induced neuronal apoptosis …

HAT regimen attenuates NF-κb-driven megakaryocyte apoptosis and neuronal cell death in sepsis: convergent mechanisms protecting thrombocytopenia and cognitive function.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-induced NF-κB hyperactivation drives two devastating cell death cascades: megakaryocyte apoptosis causing thrombocytopeni … rity (Evans blue extravasation -62.4%), and maintained synaptic protein expression (PSD-95 + 42.6%; synaptophysin +38.4%), translating to significant cognitive and psychological benefit in survivors. Each HAT component contributed distinct anti-apoptotic mechanisms-hydrocortisone suppressed p65 translocation, ascorbic acid blocked ROS-mediated IKK activation, a …

[Lymphoblastic lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic and prognostic study in 153 Chinese patients].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathologic features, immunohistochemical findings and prognosis of precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma/acute lym … O, CD79a, CD20, MPO, CD5, CD56, cyclin D1, cytokeratin, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A and synaptophysin. The median age of the patients was 15.5 years (ranged from 4 to 53 years). The male-to-female ratio was 2.6:1 (including 13 males and 5 females). The percentage of T-LBL/ALL patients with mediastinal masses were significantly higher than that of B- …

The role of phosphodiesterase isoforms 2, 5, and 9 in the regulation of NO-dependent and NO-independent cGMP production in the rat cervical spinal cord.

NO-responsive, cGMP-producing structures are abundantly present in the cervical spinal cord. NO-mediated cGMP synthesis has been implicated … holine, GABA, and glutamate (type 1 and type 2), parvalbumin, glutamate transporter molecule EAAT3, synaptophysin, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and isolectin B4. Most intense cGMP-IR was observed in the dorsal lamina. Ventral motor neurons were devoid of cGMP-IR. cGMP-IR was observed in GABAergic, and glutamatergic terminals in all gray matter …

Altered cortical CDC42 signaling pathways in schizophrenia: implications for dendritic spine deficits.

BACKGROUND: Spine density on the basilar dendrites of pyramidal neurons is lower in layer 3, but not in layers 5 and 6, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of subjects with schizophrenia. The expression of CDC42 (cell division cycle 42), a RhoGTPase that regulates the outgrowth of the actin cytoskeleton and promotes spine formation, is also lower in schizophrenia; however, CDC42 mRNA is lower across layers 3-6, suggesting that other lamina-specific molecular alterations are critical for the spine deficits in the illness. The CDC42 effector proteins 3 and 4 (CDC42EP3, CDC42EP4) are pr

P2Y1 and P2X7 receptors induce calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation in cerebellar granule neurons.

The activation of nucleotide receptors-- both ionotropic, P2X, and most of metabotropic, P2Y-- increases intracellular calcium concentration, resulting in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation. Stimulation of cerebellar granule neurons in culture-- with different P2X and P2Y agonists and their effect on CaMKII phosphorylation-- was studied using immunocytochemical and microfluorimetrical techniques. P2X agonist: 2'-3'-o-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP), alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (alpha,beta-meATP) and diadenosine pentaphosph

Case Report: Lenalidomide as a novel maintenance therapy for metastatic follicular dendritic cell sarcoma.

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare, low- to intermediate-grade malignancy arising from mesenchymal-derived follicular dendritic cells, which can also present with high-grade pathological features and may rapidly become fatal. Conventional therapeutic strategies, primarily consisting of surgical resection with adjunctive systemic chemotherapy, such as gemcitabine-docetaxel, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, or other regimens, remain inconsistently effective, with median survival notably reduced in advanced or recurrent disease. Given the limited therapeutic options and frequent relapse,

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… (D) Immunohistochemistry shows focal positivity of D2-40, TTF-1 and synaptophysin. Panel A shows a PET/CT scan highlighting a left hilar mass with a bright area. … The tumor also demonstrated focal aberrant expression of synaptophysin ( Figure 1D ). Although synaptophysin is a neuroendocrine marker not typically associated with FDCS, there are reports of weak focal positivity expression of synaptophysin in FDCS ( 19 ). …

Merkel cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous malignancy of neuroendocrine origin presenting as a painless, rapidly growing nodule. MCC often presents in elderly, fair-skinned individuals in sun-exposed areas. Diagnosis is often overlooked at time of presentation due to its rarity, but MCC is twice as deadly as malignant melanoma. There has been bigger interest in the disease due to increasing incidence and an association with the prevalent virus Merkel cell polyomavirus. This study describes an uncommon presentation of MCC as a right gluteal lesion in an Afro-Panamanian patient. The

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… Tumor cells had a scant eosinophilic cytoplasmic rim and round, vesicular nuclei with abundant mitotic figures ( Fig. 1 ) and neuroendocrine features (CD56 and Synaptophysin positive) ( Fig. 2 ). … Figure 2 Immunohistochemical stain reveals that tumor cells are positive for synaptophysin (IHC × 20). Figure 3 Immunohistochemical stain CK20 demonstrated paranuclear dot-like staining (IHC × 20). …

Small cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation of subglottic larynx- a case report.

Small cell cancer (SCC) is a neuroendocrine neoplasm, which is most frequently found in the lungs. Extrapulmonary location of SCC is rare and may involve 2.5-5% of SCCs. We present a case of a 31-year-old male patient with an extremely uncommon subglottic SCC. The patient was qualified for a radical sequential chemoradiotherapy. After treatment, patient's condition suggested complete remission. Recurrence was detected one year later, and the disease rapidly progressed, despite a second line chemotherapy. The patient died 29 months after initial diagnosis. This case aims to raise awareness on t

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… In the presented case, neoplastic cells showed positive expression of synaptophysin, CD56, and non-specific thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), while they were negative for chromogranin and LCA. … CD56, together with chromogranin and synaptophysin represent typical markers for a neuroendocrine tumor ( 13 ). SCCs might also express TTF-1 ( 16 , 17 ). …

[Antidepressant mechanism of essential oil from Schizonepeta tenuifolia based on 5-HT1AR/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway].

This study aims to investigate the antidepressant effects of essential oil from Schizonepeta tenuifolia and its mechanism of action on inter … ding protein( CREB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B( TrkB), synaptophysin( SYP), and postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD95) in the hippocampus, the cAMP protein level was also increased. In summary, essential oil from S. tenuifolia exerts antidepressant effects by activating the 5-HT1AR/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in the h …

Scavenging acrolein with 2-HDP preserves neurovascular integrity in a rat model of diabetic retinal disease.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Diabetic retinal disease (DRD) is characterised by progressive neurovascular unit (NVU) dysfunction, often occurring before … thinning at 3 months (p<0.01) and protected against synaptic dysfunction, as evidenced by preserved synaptophysin expression (p<0.01 and p<0.001 for inner and outer plexiform layers, respectively). It also prevented neurodegeneration by maintaining retinal ganglion cells, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptors (p<0.05 to p<0.01). In addition, 2-HDP p …

Aurantii Fructus alleviates depression via modulating hippocampal caspase-4-linked neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCY: Aurantii Fructus (AF) is known for its ability to regulate qi and alleviate stagnation. In Traditional Chine … rn blot and immunofluorescence. AF elevated postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95) and presynaptic synaptophysinin hippocampal homogenates (P < 0.01 for both). Confocal imaging further showed increase in co-localized PSD95/synaptophysin, reflecting strengthened synaptic connectivity. Importantly, these synaptic gains were fully reversed when caspase-4 was ecto …

Primary Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumour Masquerading Clinically as a Neurogenic Tumour: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Ewing's Sarcomas (ES)/Peripheral neuroectodermal tumour (pPNET) are heterogenous group of rare, highly malignant, undifferentiated primitive round-cell neoplasms of neuroectodermal origin. pPNETs are seldom observed to involve the spine of which Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Extraosseous Primary ES/pPNET are extremely rare. We report a case of a 23-year-old male with complaints of low backache and hip pain radiating to the left inguinal region for four months. Radiology findings were suggestive of a neurogenic tumour. Cytomorphology, histomorphology and immunohistochemistry evaluation were

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… They were negative for WT1, desmin, p63, LCA, S-100, synaptophysin, CK and vimentin ( Figure 4 ). No cytogenetic or molecular testing was performed. The final histopathology report was a small round blue cell tumour with features compatible with ES/pPNET. Figure 4. Immunohistochemistry. … Expression of a minimum of two neuroglial antigens, such as protein S100, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin or chromogranin, is essential to distinguish pPNET from ES, with the latter showing typically less neuronal differentiation. …