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Serofendic acid prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigral neurodegeneration and drug-induced rotational asymmetry in hemi-parkinsonian rats.

Serofendic acid was recently identified as a neuroprotective factor from fetal calf serum. This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of an intranigral microinjection of serofendic acid based on behavioral, neurochemical and histochemical studies in hemi-parkinsonian rats using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Rats were injected with 6-OHDA in the presence or absence of serofendic acid, or were treated with serofendic acid on the same lateral side, at 12, 24 or 72 h after 6-OHDA lesion. Intranigral injection of 6-OHDA alone induced a massive loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-im

Primary Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Ewing's Sarcoma/Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumour Masquerading Clinically as a Neurogenic Tumour: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Ewing's Sarcomas (ES)/Peripheral neuroectodermal tumour (pPNET) are heterogenous group of rare, highly malignant, undifferentiated primitive round-cell neoplasms of neuroectodermal origin. pPNETs are seldom observed to involve the spine of which Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Extraosseous Primary ES/pPNET are extremely rare. We report a case of a 23-year-old male with complaints of low backache and hip pain radiating to the left inguinal region for four months. Radiology findings were suggestive of a neurogenic tumour. Cytomorphology, histomorphology and immunohistochemistry evaluation were

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… They were negative for WT1, desmin, p63, LCA, S-100, synaptophysin, CK and vimentin ( Figure 4 ). No cytogenetic or molecular testing was performed. The final histopathology report was a small round blue cell tumour with features compatible with ES/pPNET. Figure 4. Immunohistochemistry. … Expression of a minimum of two neuroglial antigens, such as protein S100, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin or chromogranin, is essential to distinguish pPNET from ES, with the latter showing typically less neuronal differentiation. …

Metastatic Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma Presenting as Obstructive Jaundice.

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. It can arise from almost any site and is usually associated with extensive metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Due to the rarity of this cancer, very limited data is available in the literature and most of the recommendations for its evaluation and treatment are based on retrospective studies and expert opinion. This case report shares one such presentation of EPSCC. A 78-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with presenting symptoms of abdominal pain and discoloration of the eyes and urine for 2 months.

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… He was diffusely positive for CAM5.2, CD56, CDX-2, and Synaptophysin markers. … Synaptophysin is sensitive and specific for neuroendocrine tumors and negative TTF-1 helped exclude SCLC [ 18 ]. …

Overdiagnosis of a typical carcinoid tumor as an adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report and review of the literature.

BackgroundOverdiagnosis of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors together with overtreatment can cause serious postoperative consequences for the patient. We report of a patient with a typical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor, which was initially misdiagnosed and treated as an adenocarcinoma of the lung. GnrH receptors and the associated Raf-1/MEK/ERK-1/2-pathway are potential targets for analogs in cancer treatment. We suspected a correlation between the lack of tumor growth, application of leuprolide and the Raf-1/MEK/ERK-1/2-pathway. Therefore, we examined GnrH receptor status in the examined s

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… These revealed cytoplasmatic expression of chromogranin A and synaptophysin, plasma membrane associated expression of CD56 and a Ki-67 labelling index of approximately 5% (see Figure 2 ). … Histological analysis with further immunohistochemical differentiation still remains the gold standard in diagnosing bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors, with markers like TTF1, CK7, CK20, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and Ki-67 being used routinely. …

Pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 reverses cognitive impairment and tau pathology as a result of cisplatin treatment.

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) is a commonly reported neurotoxic side effect of chemotherapy, occurring in up to 75% cancer patients. CICI manifests as decrements in working memory, executive functioning, attention, and processing speed, and greatly interferes with patients' daily performance and quality of life. Currently no treatment for CICI has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. We show here that treatment with a brain-penetrating histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor for two weeks was sufficient to fully reverse cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment

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… The results in Figs. 5 demonstrate that cisplatin reduced the expression of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin (post-hoc, p = 0.0005 for CA1, p < 0.0001 for DG) and the postsynaptic marker PSD95 (post-hoc, p = 0.0138 for CA1, p = 0.0065 for DG) in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus. … Brains were collected after completion of all behavioral tests and processed for immunofluorescence analysis of synaptophysin and PSD95 in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus. …

Rapidly Progressive Merkel Cell Carcinoma with Atypical Metastatic Pattern-A Case Report and Brief Literature Review.

Background and Clinical Significance: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive neuroendocrine cutaneous malignancy with increasing incidence among elderly, immunocompromised patients or individuals exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Case Presentation: We present the case of an 84-year-old Caucasian male with no history of immunosuppression, who was admitted for asthenia, dysphagia, weight loss, and generalized weakness. Clinical and imaging investigations revealed a violaceous tumor on the right arm and disseminated metastases affecting the liver, spleen, bones and lymph nodes. A liver

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… They exhibit neuroendocrine characteristics and express specific markers such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin and cytokeratin 20 (CK20—also known as keratin, type I cytoskeletal 20) [ 2 , 3 ]. These same markers are typically expressed by MCC cells as well. … left mandible | Immunotherapy with Avelumab—the mass exhibited progressive growth, culminating in skin fistulization and associated hemorrhage and rapid deterioration with a severe acute respiratory syndrome | Died at 6 months McNulty et al., 2024 [ 24 ] | 59/F | Breast | PET-CT | Yes (CK20+, CAM5.2+, Synaptophysin …

Loss of myelin-associated glycoprotein in kearns-sayre syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To explore myelin components and mitochondrial changes within the central nervous system in patients with well-characterized mitochondrial disorders due to nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. DESIGN: Immunohistochemical analysis, histochemical analysis, mtDNA sequencing, and real-time and long-range polymerase chain reaction were used to determine the pathogenicity of mtDNA deletions. SETTING: Department of Clinical Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, and Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource. PATIENTS: Seventeen patients with mitochondrial disorders and 7 co

Metastasis в качестве первоначального представления Carcinoid Tumor: Case Report and Literical Review.

Нейроэндокринные новообразования легких включают нейроэндокринные карциномы и нейроэндокринные опухоли (НЕТ). НЕТ также известны как карциноидные опухоли (CaTs), которые классифицируются как типичные карциноиды и атипичные карциноиды (AC). Легкие котлы часто метастазируют в различные места, включая региональные лимфатические узлы, легкие, печень и кости; однако метастаз в мозге относительно редкий. Для пациентов с Кэтс еще реже показывать признаки метастаза головного мозга. Мы сообщаем о случае 50-летней пациентки, у которой первоначально появились неврологические симптомы и магнитно-резонансн

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… Immunohistochemical staining showed positive markers for synaptophysin, TTF-1, pan-CK, and chromogranin A, a Ki67 index of approximately 15%, and no obvious necrosis ( Figure 5 ). The histopathology revealed features consistent with an AC. … Immunohistochemical studies demonstrate positive immunostaining of tumor cells for (B) synaptophysin, (C) TTF-1, (D) pan-CK, and (E) chromogranin A. (F) The Ki-67 index is approximately 15%. (H&E staining, magnification ×20). H&E, hematoxylin and eosin. …

Advanced Diagnostic Techniques

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… TABLE 17-2 Markers Used for the Differential Diagnosis of Major Tumor Categories Tumor Tissue Markers Adrenal Cortex: Melan-A, inhibin-alpha, calretinin Medulla: PGP 9.5, chromogranins, synaptophysin Endocrine tumors (generic) Chromogranin A, synaptophysin, PGP 9.5, neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100 … TABLE 17-2 Markers Used for the Differential Diagnosis of Major Tumor Categories Tumor Tissue | Markers Adrenal | Cortex: Melan-A, inhibin-alpha, calretinin Medulla: PGP 9.5, chromogranins, synaptophysin Endocrine tumors (generic) | Chromogranin A, synaptophysin, PGP 9.5, neuron specific enolase (NSE …

Occult olfactory neuroblastoma presenting with multiple bone metastases: a case report.

RATIONABLE: Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor of the nasal cavity, the primary local symptoms are usually inconspicuous. Patients are often admitted to various specialties based on different primary symptoms, which may result in delayed diagnosis and even a misdiagnosis. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here we report a case of ONB that presented initially as multiple ostealgia without any local symptoms of the tumor and primarily misdiagnosed as multiple myeloma. The patient was a 47-year-old female with bone pain at multiple sites. The initial diagnosis was considered as multiple mye

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… The immunohistochemistry test of bone marrow revealed that the diffused neoplastic cells are positive for CD56, CD34, CD117, CD3, CD20, CD79a, CD68 and negative for CD45, CD138, cytokeratin pan, epithelial membrane antigen, chromophilic A, Synaptophysin (Syn), indicated a nerve originated metastatic … Footnotes Abbreviations: CT = computer tomography, ECT = emission computed tomography, MM = multiple myeloma, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, ONB = olfactory neuroblastoma, PET-CT = positron emission computed tomography, S-100 = S-100 protein, Syn = Synaptophysin. …

Seipin regulates excitatory synaptic transmission in cortical neurons.

Heterozygosity for missense mutations in Seipin, namely N88S and S90L, leads to a broad spectrum of motor neuropathy, while a number of loss-of-function mutations in Seipin are associated with the Berardinelli-Seip congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 (CGL2, BSCL2), a condition that is characterized by severe lipoatrophy, insulin resistance, and intellectual impairment. The mechanisms by which Seipin mutations lead to motor neuropathy, lipodystrophy, and insulin resistance, and the role Seipin plays in central nervous system (CNS) remain unknown. The goal of this study is to understand

Astrocytes promote peripheral nerve injury-induced reactive synaptogenesis in the neonatal CNS.

Neonatal damage to the trigeminal nerve leads to "reactive synaptogenesis" in the brain stem sensory trigeminal nuclei. In vitro models of brain injury-induced synaptogenesis have implicated an important role for astrocytes. In this study we tested the role of astrocyte function in reactive synaptogenesis in the trigeminal principal nucleus (PrV) of neonatal rats following unilateral transection of the infraorbital (IO) branch of the trigeminal nerve. We used electrophysiological multiple input index analysis (MII) to estimate the number of central trigeminal afferent fibers that converge onto

Nitric oxide induces pathological synapse loss by a protein kinase G-, Rho kinase-dependent mechanism preceded by myosin light chain phosphorylation.

The molecular signaling that underpins synapse loss in neuropathological conditions remains unknown. Concomitant upregulation of the neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) in neurodegenerative processes places NO at the center of attention. We found that de novo nNOS expression was sufficient to induce synapse loss from motoneurons at adult and neonatal stages. In brainstem slices obtained from neonatal animals, this effect required prolonged activation of the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/protein kinase G (PKG) pathway and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling. Synapse elimination involved pa

Retrograde activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors enhances GABA release at cerebellar interneuron-Purkinje cell synapses.

Synaptic inhibition is a vital component in the control of cell excitability within the brain. Here we report a newly identified form of inhibitory synaptic plasticity, termed depolarization-induced potentiation of inhibition, in rodents. This mechanism strongly potentiated synaptic transmission from interneurons to Purkinje cells after the termination of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition. It was triggered by an elevation of Ca(2+) in Purkinje cells and the subsequent retrograde activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors. These glutamate receptors promoted the spontaneous release

Inoperable Renal Malignant Glomus Tumor, the answers for all the "W's"?

Glomus tumor, arising from glomus bodies (specialized neurovascular structures involved in thermoregulation), commonly occurs in extremities and rarely in viscera. The spectrum of glomus tumors range from benign tumors to tumors with uncertain malignant potential to tumors of the malignant subtype. A vast majority of visceral glomus tumors are benign. Most common visceral tumors arise in the gastrointestinal tract. Glomus tumors of the kidney are a rare entity of which malignant glomus tumors are exceedingly rare. The index patients in the existing case reports were middle-aged males. We repor

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… . | Author | Age/Sex | Size | Presentation | Site | Positive IHC | Management | Outcome 1 | Gill (2010) (15) | 46 Male | 8.7 cm | Microscopic hematuria | Right kidney lower pole | SMA, MSA, vimentin, synaptophysin CD 34, BCl-2 | Radical nephrectomy | NED at 15 months 2 | Lamba (2010) (9) | 44 Male | … Vimentin | Positive Smooth muscle actin (SMA) | Positive Desmin | Negative Muscle actin | Negative Human melanoma black (HMB) 45 | Negative Melan A | Negative S100P | Negative CD 34 | Negative Inhibin | Negative Synaptophysin | Negative Leukocyte common antigen | Negative Multiple myeloma oncogene 1 …

Вирус Эпштейн-Барр и иммунная микроокружающая среда в множестве склерозов: Отличения от высокомерной съемки тканей мозга.

Вирус Эпштейн-Барр (ЭБВ) во многом связан с патогенезом множественного склероза (МС), однако его точная роль в прогрессии заболеваний остается неясной. С использованием высокомерной системы обнаружения СО путем индексации, технологии пространственной съемки, в настоящем исследовании изучается клеточная микроокружающая среда поражения MS в вторичных прогрессивных MS и первичных прогрессивных MS. Мы проанализировали взаимодействие иммунной, глиальной, нейрональной и эндотелиальной клеток в MS-повреждениях и обычно встречающейся белой материи в двух независимых группах. Наши результаты свидетельс

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… These included diminished interactions with Vimentin+ pericytes (log odds = −0.48, P = 0.006), Synaptophysin+ synaptic neurons (log odds = −0.49, P = 0.007), CD68+ activated macrophages (log odds = −0.39, P = 0.014) ( Fig. 6 C – E ). … Increased interactions between AQP4+ astrocytes, synaptophysin, and Claudin-5, alongside the prevalence of Vimentin+ and GlialCaM+ astrocytes, highlight the disruption of glial–neuronal interactions. …

[Underlying Mechanism of the circ_0011462/miRNA-1200/SP1 Axis in Regulating Inflammatory Response, Apoptosis, and Neural Regeneration in a Spinal Cord Injury Model].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulatory mechanism of a circular RNA (circRNA), circ_001146, on the miR-1200/SP1 axis in spinal cord injury … the spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry assays were performed to determine the expression of pNF and synaptophysin in the spinal tissue. The quantity of M1-type microglia was assessed using multiplex immunofluorescence. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in peripheral blood across the groups. I …

Mechanotransduction by intraganglionic laminar endings of vagal tension receptors in the guinea-pig oesophagus.

Vagal mechanoreceptors to the guinea-pig oesophagus, recorded extracellularly, in vitro, fired spontaneously at 3.3 +/- 0.2 Hz, (n = 75, from 57 animals), and had low thresholds to circumferential stretch. In this study, we have investigated whether mechanotransduction by intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) directly relies on mechano-gated ion channels, or whether it is due to chemical activation by neurotransmitters (glutamate or ATP) released from other cells during mechanical distortion. Rapid distortion of focal transduction sites (IGLEs) evoked action potentials with a latency of < 10

Advanced Diagnostic Techniques

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… Table 17-2 Markers Used for the Differential Diagnosis of Major Tumor Categories Tumor Tissue Markers Adrenal Cortex: Melan-A, inhibin-alpha, calretinin Medulla: PGP 9.5, chromogranins, synaptophysin Endocrine tumors (generic) Chromogranin A, synaptophysin, PGP 9.5, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100 … Table 17-2 Markers Used for the Differential Diagnosis of Major Tumor Categories Tumor Tissue | Markers Adrenal | Cortex: Melan-A, inhibin-alpha, calretinin Medulla: PGP 9.5, chromogranins, synaptophysin Endocrine tumors (generic) | Chromogranin A, synaptophysin, PGP 9.5, neuron-specific enolase (NSE …

The utility of stereotactic biopsy of intracranial lesions in the diagnosis of leukemia complicated by central nervous system lesions.

BACKGROUND: Leukemia complicated by central nervous system (CNS) lesions (LCNSL) includes leukemia involving the CNS (CNSL) and CNS secondary lesions related to leukemia treatment (e.g., CNS infections, leukoencephalopathy, inflammatory demyelination, and vascular diseases). The clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics of different types of LCL are similar, increasing the possibility of misdiagnosis. This study aimed to enhance our understanding and management of LCL. METHODS: We retrospectively collected clinical data from 22 patients with LCL and analyzed their magnetic resonance

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… Resonance Imaging; BCL-6, B-cell Lymphoma Gene; MUM-1, Multiple Myeloma Oncogene 1; PAX-5, Paired Box 5; BCL-2, B-cell Lymphoma 2; P53, Tumor Protein 53; c-myc, Cellular Myelocytomatosis; EBV, Epstein-Barr Virus; GFAP, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; TdT, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase; Syn, Synaptophysin … Resonance Imaging; BCL-6, B-cell Lymphoma Gene; MUM-1, Multiple Myeloma Oncogene 1; PAX-5, Paired Box 5; BCL-2, B-cell Lymphoma 2; P53, Tumor Protein 53; c-myc, Cellular Myelocytomatosis; EBV, Epstein-Barr Virus; GFAP, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; TdT, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase; Syn, Synaptophysin …