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Balo's concentric sclerosis a rare variant of multiple sclerosis in a Nigerian adult male: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Balo's concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a rare variant of multiple sclerosis (MS) that usually runs a benign course. Typically, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows concentric lamella of areas of demyelination alternating with normal zones of myelin preservation. Clinically, it may be mistaken for other intracranial space-occupying lesions, especially in our subregion, where neuroimaging facilities are scarce or not affordable. The authors report a rare case of BCS in a young Nigerian male diagnosed and managed in Enugu, Nigeria. This is possibly the first reported case in sub…

Fatigue and contributing factors in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a descriptive study based on the comprehensive fatigue assessment battery for multiple sclerosis (CFAB-MS).

INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The Comprehensive Fatigue Assessment Battery for Multiple Sclerosis (CFAB-MS) is a questionnaire designed to assess fatigue and its contributing factors, including sleep, pain, mobility, stress, anxiety, mood, and fatigue management skills. METHODS: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, patients with a definitive diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) < 4, based on the MacDonald 2017 criteria, were included. Patients with diagnosed depression, ot…

Investigating the relationship between multiple sclerosis disability and driving performance: A comparative study of the multiple sclerosis functional composite and expanded disability status scale.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can affect the ability to perform complex tasks such as driving. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) overlooks cognitive deficits crucial for driving. We investigated the relationship between the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), which includes cognitive assessment, and EDSS in relation to driving performance. METHODS: This exploratory study involved 30 MS patients (mean EDSS 2.4 ± 2.0) and 15 healthy controls. We correlated the results of the EDSS, MSFC, and driving performance tests, namely the Two-Hand Coordination Test (2HAND) an…

Multiple sclerosis susceptibility: population and twin study of polymorphisms in the T-cell receptor beta and gamma genes region. French Group on Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating auto-immune disease of the central nervous system with a suspected genetic component. Previous publications have demonstrated that MS susceptibility is influenced by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes and recent studies have focused on additional susceptibility genes. The accumulation of activated T-cells in demyelinating MS lesions, the possible auto-immune mechanism of this disease and the functional relationship between MHC and T cell receptor (TCR) molecules support the hypothesis that TCR genes are good candidates to influence MS develo…

Приложение А1, калорикулин и коробка с высокой мобильностью 1 увеличены во вторичном прогрессивном множественном склерозе: имеет ли иммуногенная клеточная смерть при множественном склерозе?

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Множественный склероз (MS) представляет собой хронические нервно-воспалительные заболевания, характеризующиеся обезвоживанием нервных волокон. Иммуногенная смерть клеток (ИКД) представляет собой процесс, в ходе которого поврежденные и напряженные клетки высвобождают связанные с опасностью молекулярные модели (DAMPs), приводящие в действие иммунную реакцию. Цель этого исследования состояла в том, чтобы разъяснить, каким образом НИЗ распространяется на болезни, связанные с НР. МЕТОДЫ: Для достижения этой цели уровень DAMP, включая приложение A1 (ANXA1), кальретикулина и HMGB1, был изме

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
INTRODUCTION: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory diseases characterized by demyelination of the nerve fibers. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a process, during which damaged and stressed cells release danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) activating immune responses. This study aimed to elucidate the induction of ICD in MS diseases…

Glial transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isotypes in multiple sclerosis: differential glial expression of TGF-beta 1, 2 and 3 isotypes in multiple sclerosis.

We studied glial transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isotype expression in 14 cases of multiple sclerosis. Acute active lesions exhibited selective TGF-beta 2 immunoreactivity of lesion encircling ramified microglia. In contrast, astrocytes within chronic active white matter lesions expressed all three isotypes. Chronic active lesions which extended into cortex exhibited selective cortical astrocyte TGF-beta 2 expression. This isotype was also selectively expressed by astrocytes in apparently normal white matter. A similar pattern of glial TGF-beta expression was seen in the pathological con…

[Chronic pernicious course in multiple sclerosis with involvement of the optic nerves and total spinal sclerosis (diffuse spinal sclerosis) (author's transl)].

Four cases with the clinical diagnosis of chronic MS are presented, which, histologically, show large solitary demyelinated and gliotic areas involving almost the entire spinal cord over 12-25 segments as well as the optic chiasm. The abortive form of the neuromyelitis optical syndrome in MS is discussed. The additional involvement of the cerebral hemispheres suggests that the clinical and histological picture described is related to Schilder's disease.

Multiple sclerosis occurrence with gut microbial metabolites and sex hormones.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune and neurodegenerative condition that affects the central nervous system (CNS). Multiple factors, both genetic (including the HLA gene locus) and environmental (Epstein-Barr virus, low vitamin D levels), may contribute to MS development. Growing evidence supports the importance of the gut-brain axis and hormones in disease pathogenesis and progression. This review focuses on identifying the role of specific gut microbial products (short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan derivatives, bile acids, and polyamines) in this process and how they affect the immun…

When sex matters early: clues from pediatric onset multiple sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) provides a unique developmental model to investigate when sex differences first emerge in multiple sclerosis (MS). As disease onset occurs during immune, endocrine, and neural maturation, POMS offers an opportunity to understand how puberty may shape disease susceptibility and subsequent trajectories. AREAS COVERED: This review synthesizes evidence from epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging, biomarker, and therapeutic studies across prepubertal, peripubertal, and post-pubertal stages. Articles published between 2000 and 2025 were ident…

Comparative diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis depends on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data; the need for confirmatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for differential diagnosis is a crucial step. OBJECTIVE: We aim to investigate and compare the diagnostic value of CSF markers (e.g., chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) compared to the established supportive diagnostic oligoclonal bands test (OCBs) in MS. METHODS: We collected 62 CSF samples from suspected MS patients with T2-Hyperintense lesions and in…

VEP latency delays predicts MRI neurodegenerative outcomes in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Visual evoked potential (VEP) P100 latency is routinely used to assess optic nerve demyelination. However, there is no established methodology for disentangling whether shifts in VEP P100 latency may reflect upstream changes in the visual pathway, such as the level of the retina, or whether these delays could be reflective of downstream disturbances in broader brain structure and functioning. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between VEP-based P100 and MRI-based outcomes in people with MS (PwMS) after accounting for structural retinal changes assessed by spectral domain opt

Binaural hearing, neurological disability and brain imaging in Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by focal destruction of myelin within the central nervous system. Auditory deficits are a relatively frequent, but often underdiagnosed symptom. This study examined sound detection threshold and functional hearing ability in a cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis. Thirty adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 30 age, gender and hearing-level matched controls underwent peripheral and central auditory assessments. These included audiometric (sound detection threshold) measurement, binaural speech percept…

Vitamin D deficiency and multiple sclerosis relapse: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the dose-response relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the annualized relapse rate (ARR) in multiple sclerosis (MS), and to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on reducing relapse risk. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to April 2025 were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3. The primary outcome was…

Клеточные иммунотерапии для множественного склероза: механистические интуиции и клинические достижения.

Множественный склероз (MS) представляет собой хроническое, разнородное, многофакторное, иммунно-дегенеративное заболевание центральной нервной системы, которое влияет на население трудоспособного возраста. На его развитие влияют как генетические, так и экологические факторы. Патологическая характеристика MS - это образование демиелинизирующих повреждений мозга и спинного мозга, которые связаны с нейронными повреждениями, вызванными аутоагрессивными иммунными факторами (Т клетки, В клетки и миэлоидные клетки). Считается, что координационные повреждения вызваны инфильтрацией иммунных клеток в це

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, heterogeneous, multifactorial, immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects the working-age population. Its development is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. A pathological hallmark of MS is the formation of demyelinating lesions in the brain and spinal cord, whi…

The Diet-Multiple Sclerosis Connection: Oxidative Stress and Emerging Mechanisms.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neuroinflammatory disease resulting in myelin degeneration and progressive disability. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in MS pathogenesis and progression. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master regulator of the antioxidant mechanisms and its upregulation is associated with beneficial effects in MS. Among the environmental factors influencing MS onset and progression, diet represents a promising non-pharmacological strategy to modulate Nrf2, potentially improving MS outcomes. Indeed, several natural compounds present in Medi…

BTK inhibitors in multiple sclerosis: emerging evidence and future directions.

INTRODUCTION: Available disease modifying treatments (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) impact on the immune adaptive response without inhibiting innate immune cells that participate in disease progression. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are an emerging treatment being intensely evaluated in MS. This review highlights the potential use of BTK inhibitors in the treatment of MS by exploring mechanisms of action, recent clinical findings, and gaps in implementation. AREAS COVERED: This narrative review traces the roots of the use of BTK inhibitors for the treatment of MS. PubMed, EMBASE…

Digital monitoring of disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Digital monitoring shows promise for detecting disease activity in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (PwRRMS). Here, we study associations between digital biomarkers for cognition and walking ability and radiological disease activity. METHODS: In a prospective, 1-year cohort study, PwRRMS performed the smartphone-based symbol digit modalities test (sSDMT) and 2-min walk test (s2MWT) on weekly basis. MRIs and the clinical SDMT (cSDMT), expanded disability status scale (EDSS), timed 25-foot walk (T25FW) and nine-hole peg test (NHPT) were collected at baseline and ev…

Altered network recruitment in multiple sclerosis patients during resting state.

BACKGROUND: Electroencephalography (EEG) allows a versatile recording of neuronal activity in neurological disorders. Signal analytical tech … ility of uncovering the main effect present. METHODS: Resting state surface EEG recordings from 51 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and 51 control patients were analyzed using TFA and compared by cluster-based permutation statistics. We further correlated results with disease characteristics, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness assessed by optical coherence tomograph …

Deep Learning Framework for Automated MRI Planimetry in Multiple Sclerosis.

Brain volume changes and infratentorial involvement are key predictors of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) and can be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) planimetry. Although MRI planimetry is less susceptible to methodological and patient-related confounders than volumetry, it currently depends on manual measurements by unblinded experts, an approach that is time-consuming and vulnerable to bias. In this study, we present a fully automated deep learning framework for deriving brainstem planimetric measurements from MRI. The pipeline integrates an automated midsagittal plane (…

The Lithuanian multiple sclerosis registry: current framework and quality challenges.

OBJECTIVES: This article presents the current structure, data collection methods, coverage, and limitations of the Lithuanian Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Registry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Lithuanian MS Registry, established by the Lithuanian Neurologists' Association, began its activities in 2013. All three national centers providing MS treatment in Lithuania have secure access to their respective patient data and can enter new clinical information into the registry. Adult individuals with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of MS who receive care in Lithuania and provide written informed conse…