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Remyelination of the demyelinated CNS: the case for and against transplantation of central, peripheral and olfactory glia.

Although originally developed as a research tool for studying glial-glial and glial-axonal interactions, the technique of transplanting glial cell into the central nervous system has more recently been employed as a potential means for repairing persistent demyelination in clinical disease. It has now been clearly established using various experimental models that oligodendrocyte lineage cells, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells can all produce new myelin sheaths around demyelinated or amyelinated axons following transplantation. However, this property alone does not necessarily mea

Remyelinating strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Demyelination is the pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. The concept of remyelination has gained acceptance in recent years, but naturally occurring remyelination is incomplete. To improve repair processes, a number of strategies have been explored experimentally and clinical trials are being carried out. In principle, remyelination can be achieved by either promoting endogenous repair mechanisms or by providing an exogenous source of myelinating cells via transplantation. Both approaches have been successful in animal models of demyelination. Besides, many studies have e

In the rat pineal gland, but not in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the amount of constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase is regulated by environmental lighting conditions.

To investigate whether the expression of neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase is photoneurally regulated, we examined the amount of the enzyme by means of Western Blot analysis under different environmental lighting conditions in two photoneuronally regulated tissues, the pineal gland and the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. In the pineal gland nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity was strikingly decreased when rats had been exposed for 8 days to light:dark 20:4 conditions or to constant light. The decline in nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity following LL reversed after 4 days un

Evaluation of the stability and quality of sleep using Hjorth's descriptors.

Hjorth's descriptors (NSD) (activity, mobility, and complexity) provide a useful tool for evaluating micro- and macrostructural elements of sleep. In rats, the automatic analysis of sleep recordings by means of NSD calculated from SM and Vis derivations allow different sleep stages to be discriminated. Activity distribution over the total recording permits the definition of a global effect on the EEG. Moreover, the quality of sleep can be evaluated by the variations of the SM activity distribution by considering different classes of amplitude. Index and rate of unstable amplitude segments (UAS

Moebius syndrome in association with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

The association between hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and multiple CNS lesions in a variety of disorders suggests a possible causative link between these clinical findings. Neural afferent input into the hypothalamus from higher CNS centers modulates GnRH secretion and derangements of these neural pathways could potentially result in diminished gonadotropin secretion and hypogonadism. This report describes a patient with multiple CNS defects secondary to Moebius syndrome and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism whose clinical features support the hypothesis that his CNS and endocrine defects may be c

Pineal gland in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors subjected to manipulations known as enhancers of pineal actions.

The ultrastructure of pinealocytes was studied in rats with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors which were subjected to experimental manipulations known as enhancers of pineal actions (anosmia, underfeeding or cold exposure). In these animals we found: (I)--more nuclei with deep nuclear invaginations; (II)--a large number of cytoplasmic organelles, including lipid droplets, myeloid bodies, synaptic ribbons and lysosomes; (III)--numerous degenerative changes. In general, we found an increase in structural features related to pineal photoneuroendocrine activity. Our results ind

Modulation of 6-hydroxydopamine induced alteration of the postnatal development of central noradrenaline neurons.

The effect of substance P and morphine on the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced alteration of the postnatal development of central noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the rat has been investigated using neurochemical techniques. Neonatal administration of 6-OHDA systemically leads to permanent NA denervations of distant NA projections, while the projections close to the NA cell bodies are increased, leading to NA hyperinnervation. Intracisternal injection of substance P was found to counteract both the NA denervation and hyperinnervation induced by 6-OHDA. The effect of substance P disclosed a clea

Mixed Signals and Interspecies Variation in the Plasticity of Adult Mammal Brains.

Despite the growing interest in brain structural plasticity and the substantial body of knowledge that has accumulated over recent decades, … have further complicated our understanding. Studies reveal a reduction in adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus of large-brained, gyrencephalic mammals compared with small-brained species such as rodents. Conversely, a higher prevalence of immature neurons has been reported in the neocortex and amygdala of larger-brained mammals. It is becomin …

Inside the head of Crotalus durissus LINNAEUS, 1758 (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae): Macroscopic description of the brain with ontogenetic insights.

Neuroanatomy studies in vertebrates have garnered significant attention in recent years, particularly driven by advancements in computerized … ariables such as brain length and cerebral hemisphere length decreasing with SVL, while others like olfactory bulb length and medulla oblongata width increased. Additional differences were observed comparing juveniles and adults, with adults generally exhibiting larger mean values for cerebellum and medulla oblongata measurements. However, the small sample size …

RNA-seq revealed the effects of heat stress on different brain regions of Leiocassis longirostris.

Understanding how distinct brain regions of Leiocassis longirostris molecularly adapt to heat stress is vital for improving aquaculture sustainability and guiding conservation strategies in a warming climate. To elucidate the region-specific molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress responses in the brain of L. longirostris, we exposed L. longirostris to acute heat stress (32°C) for 24 h and performed RNA-seq and WGCNA on five brain regions (OB: olfactory bulb, FB: pituitary, hypothalamus, forebrain, MB: mesencephalon, CB: cerebellum, and SC: spinal cord). The results showed that, after heat…

The gut-brain axis in early Parkinson's disease: from prodrome to prevention.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and fastest growing neurological condition worldwide, yet its etiology and progression remain poorly understood. This disorder is characterized pathologically by the prion-like spread of misfolded neuronal alpha-synuclein proteins in specific brain regions leading to Lewy body formation, neurodegeneration, and progressive neurological impairment. It is unclear what triggers Parkinson's and where α-synuclein protein aggregation begins, although proposed induction sites include the olfactory bulb and dorsal motor nucleus of…

Neuroanatomical profiling of the rainbow trout brain parenchyma and meninges reveals specialized immune niches and region-specific hubs for bacterial immune surveillance.

Several studies have described immune responses in the teleost brain and meninges during infection, however, fundamental studies that systematically dissect how different regions of the brain maintain immune homeostasis in teleosts are missing. Here we present an in-depth investigation of the immune status of the brain parenchyma and meninges of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at the steady state. We dissected four parenchymal brain regions including olfactory bulbs (OB), telencephalon (Tel), optic tectum (OT) and cerebellum (Cer) and its corresponding dorsal meninges. Gene expres…

Груенберг Ганльон: Неисследованный объект для доставки внутриутробных наркотиков в болезни Альцгеймера.

Неврологические расстройства, такие как болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона, болезнь Хантингтона, множественный склероз и амиотропический боковой склероз, создают серьезные проблемы для лечения. К числу причин, по которым трудно найти средства для лечения этих заболеваний, относятся осложнения при ранней диагностике, прогрессивные и необратимые нейронные повреждения и наличие кровеносного барьера (ББД), который препятствует доставке лекарств в затронутые районы мозга. Управление лекарствами внутриутробного характера (ИНЛ) все больше пользуется популярностью среди исследователей за то, что

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and Amyotrophic Lateral S … l septum, approximately 1.5 mm from the nasal opening in mice. It is directly connected to the main olfactory bulb through axons. This Perspective aims to expand knowledge on why GG may be a viable option for INL delivery to combat neurological conditions. For better understanding, we have explained the INL administration in GG, using Alzheimer's Disease and INL …

Brain Glucose Metabolism as a Readout of the Central Nervous System Impact of Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Withdrawal and the Effects of NFL-101, as an Immune-Based Drug Candidate for Smoking Cessation Therapy.

Neuroimaging biomarkers are needed to investigate the impact of smoking withdrawal on brain function. NFL-101 is a denicotinized aqueous ext … brain stem (p < 0.001, n = 14 per group) and increased in the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb (p < 0.001). NFL-101 induced a humoral immune response (specific IgGs) in mice and activated human natural-killer lymphocytes in vitro. In CSE mice, but not in control mice, single-dose NFL-101 significantly increased [18F]FDG uptake in the thalamus …

Brain endocannabinoid control of metabolic and non-metabolic feeding behaviors.

The central endocannabinoid (eCB) system in brain shows a crucial role in the regulation of feeding behaviors, influencing both metabolic an … he hedonic aspects of eating by modulating reward pathways, including the mesolimbic system and the olfactory bulb, critical for motivating food intake and processing sensory cues. This review also explores therapeutic strategies targeting the eCB system, including cannabinoid receptor antagonists and eCB hydrolase enzyme inhibitors, which hold promise for treat …

Social isolation leads to mild social recognition impairment and losses in brain cellularity.

Chronic social stress is a significant risk factor for several neuropsychiatric disorders, mainly major depressive disorder (MDD). In this w … ytes in important brain regions involved in social behavior, such as the anterior neocortex and the olfactory bulb. Despite the limitations of animal models of psychological traits, evidence suggests that behavioral impairments observed in patients might have similar biological underpinnings.

Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Chemokines, and Leukocyte Infiltrate Are Biomarkers for Pathology in the Brains of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEEV)-Infected Mice.

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a disease typically confined to South and Central America, whereby human disease is character … ity in the model, more so than viral titre. The greatest level of pathology was observed within the olfactory bulb and midbrain/thalamus. The virus was distributed throughout the brain/encephalon, often in areas not associated with pathology. The principal component analysis identified five principal factors across two independent experiments, with the first two …

Amylin Protein Expression in the Rat Brain and Neuro-2a Cells.

The localization and expression of amylin protein in the rodent brain and mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) are less widely known. Thus, this study investigated the expression distribution of amylin in the rat brain and N2a treated with steroid hormones. Amylin protein was identified in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, dentate gyrus, thalamus, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area (VTA), cerebellum, and brain stem in the rat brain. Additionally, the amylin protein was localized with the mature neurons of the cerebral cortex and dopaminergic neurons of the VTA. Progesterone (P4) and dexamet…

Sirolimus relieves seizures and neuropsychiatric symptoms via changes of microglial polarity in tuberous sclerosis complex model mice.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder involving a variety of physical manifestations, and is associated with epilepsy and m … as epileptic seizures, indicating that Tsc2 cKO mice are a useful model for TAND. Furthermore, the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex caused epilepsy and TAND in Tsc2 cKO mice, and neurodegeneration was observed. Immunohistology and immunophenotypic analysis of cells, and quantitative RT-PCR suggested that changes in microglial polarity were involved in the ons …

A patient with mosaic USP9X gene variant.

The finding of USP9X variants in females has been associated with female-restricted X-linked mental retardation (MRXS99F), a rare syndrome f … a bilateral membranous choanal atresia were noted, whereas the MRI revealed the hypo/aplasia of the olfactory bulbs, a widening of the subarachnoid spaces and a delay in the myelinisation. During the 18-months follow-up a severe growth and global developmental delay, together with a bilateral moderate deafness with a threshold at 40 dB, dental enamel erosions an …