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Bone sialoprotein: a multifunctional regulator of bone remodelling and tumour progression.

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a major non-collagenous protein of the bone extracellular matrix and an important regulator of bone formation and resorption. BSP is produced by bone cells and chondrocytes and present in the bone matrix, cells, dentin and cartilage. However, its aberrant expression in primary tumour tissues and the sera of cancer patients with metastases implicates BSP in tumour biology and progression. The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif of BSP may be crucial not only for the attachment of metastasising cells to the bone surface but also for tumour growth, survival and activity. This revie

Nanobodies Enhancing Cancer Visualization, Diagnosis and Therapeutics.

Worldwide, cancer is a serious health concern due to the increasing rates of incidence and mortality. Conventional cancer imaging, diagnosis and treatment practices continue to substantially contribute to the fight against cancer. However, these practices do have some risks, adverse effects and limitations, which can affect patient outcomes. Although antibodies have been developed, successfully used and proven beneficial in various oncology practices, the use of antibodies also comes with certain challenges and limitations (large in size, poor tumor penetration, high immunogenicity and a long

The Multifaceted Role of Annexin A1 in Colorectal Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Predictive and Prognostic Implications.

Annexin A1 (ANXA1), a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, is considered a key modulator of cancer biology. Numerous pieces of evidence support its multifaceted involvement in tumor progression, metastatic dissemination, immune escape, and resistance to therapy in various malignancies, such as melanoma, along with liver, lung, and digestive tract tumors, including stomach and colorectal cancer (CRC). Although colon and rectal cancer (RC) exhibit overlapping characteristics, they are classified as separate clinical entities due to differences in tumor biology and therapy approaches.

Single-cell sequencing in molecular diagnostics: Transformative yet untapped potential.

Single-cell sequencing (SCS) techniques have the potential to offer precise insights into cellular diversity by revealing unique genetic and transcriptomic profiles at the single-cell level. This advanced technology has been used extensively in research, but it has still not translated to clinical diagnostics, despite its potential. SCS provides more accurate granular information about heterogeneous cell populations and the creation of personalized treatment strategies. However, the integration of SCS into clinical practice is challenging. This review discusses the potential of SCS technologie

Lipid Level, Lipid Variability, and Risk of Multiple Myeloma: A Nationwide Population-Based Study of 3,527,776 Subjects.

(1) Background: There is evidence that abnormality in lipid metabolism promotes cancer development. This study investigated whether lipid level and its variability are associated with the development of MM at a population level. (2) Methods: A retrospective cohort study included a total of 3,527,776 subjects aged 40 and above who participated in ≥3 health examinations within the previous five years, including the index year (2012-2013). Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were measured, and visi

The Trinity: Interplay among Cancer Cells, Fibroblasts, and Immune Cells in Pancreatic Cancer and Implication of CD8+ T Cell-Orientated Therapy.

The microenvironment in tumors is complicated and is constituted by different cell types and stromal proteins. Among the cell types, the abundance of cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells is high and these cells work as the "Trinity" in promoting tumorigenesis. Although unidirectional or bidirectional crosstalk between two independent cell types has been well characterized, the multi-directional interplays between cancer cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells in vitro and in vivo are still unclear. We summarize recent studies in addressing the interaction of the "Trinity" members in the tu

Myeloma bone disease: pathogenesis and management in the era of new anti-myeloma agents.

IntroductionMultiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells with characteristic bone disease. Despite recent great strides achieved in MM treatment owing to the implementation of new anti-MM agents, MM is still incurable and bone destruction remains a serious unmet issue in patients with MM.ApproachIn this review, we will summarize and discuss the mechanisms of the formation of bone disease in MM and the available preclinical and clinical evidence on the treatment for MM bone disease.ConclusionsMM cells produce a variety of cytokines to stimulate receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB l

Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery in Niemann-Pick Type C1.

The lysosomal storage disorders Niemann-Pick disease Type C1 (NPC1) and Type C2 (NPC2) are rare diseases caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Both NPC1 and NPC2 are proteins responsible for the exit of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LY). Consequently, mutations in one of the two proteins lead to the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in LE/LY, displaying a disease hallmark. A total of 95% of cases are due to a deficiency of NPC1 and only 5% are caused by NPC2 deficiency. Clinical manifestations include neurological symptoms and systemic

Targeting myeloid villains in the treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastrointestinal cancer.

Despite the clinical outcomes being extremely limited, blocking immune inhibitory checkpoint pathways has been in the spotlight as a promising strategy for treating gastrointestinal cancer. However, a distinct strategy for the successful treatment is obviously needed in the clinical settings. Myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells, are the majority of cellular components in the human immune system, but have received relatively less attention for the practical implementation than T cells and NK cells in cancer therapy because of concentration of the int

Corneal Epithelial Findings in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Antibody-Drug Conjugate Belantamab Mafodotin in the Pivotal, Randomized, DREAMM-2 Study.

IntroductionPatients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) represent an unmet clinical need. Belantamab mafodotin (belamaf; GSK2857916) is a first-in-class antibody-drug conjugate (ADC; or immunoconjugate) that delivers a cytotoxic payload, monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF), to myeloma cells. In the phase II DREAMM-2 study (NCT03525678), single-agent belamaf (2.5 mg/kg) demonstrated clinically meaningful anti-myeloma activity (overall response rate 32%) in patients with heavily pretreated disease. Microcyst-like epithelial changes (MECs) were common, consistent with reports from oth

Unveiling the Link Between Breast Cancer Treatment and Osteoporosis: Implications for Anticancer Therapy and Bone Health.

Background: The interplay between breast cancer treatment and osteoporosis has important consequences for anticancer therapy and patient bone health. Many breast cancer therapies involve hormonal treatments that lower estrogen levels, which can lead to an increased risk of osteoporosis due to reduced bone mineral density. Aromatase inhibitors, chemotherapy, and surgeries such as oophorectomy can further aggravate bone loss, highlighting the necessity of prioritizing bone health during cancer treatment. Objective: This review is aimed at investigating the complex relationship between breast can

CAR-T cell therapy: A new dawn in the treatment of autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are a class of diseases caused by autoimmune intolerance, which can be divided into systemic and organ-specific diseases. AIDs affect approximately 10% of the global population and rank among the leading causes of disability and mortality. At present, immunosuppressive agents are the first choice for the treatment of AIDs. B-cell-targeted therapies-particularly CD20 monoclonal antibodies-have brought new hope for systemic AIDs, yet a subset of patients still respond poorly. As a rapidly developing cellular immunotherapy technology, Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (C

Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) and Their Interplay with Cancer Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs): A New World of Targets and Treatments.

The importance of defining new molecules to fight cancer is of significant interest to the scientific community. In particular, it has been shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells within tumors with capabilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity; on the other side, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) seem to split away from the primary tumor and appear in the circulatory system as singular units or clusters. It is becoming more and more important to discover new biomarkers related to these populations of cells in combination to define the network am

Review on Bortezomib Resistance in Multiple Myeloma and Potential Role of Emerging Technologies.

Multiple myeloma is a hematological cancer type. For its treatment, Bortezomib has been widely used. However, drug resistance to this effective chemotherapeutic has been developed for various reasons. 2D cell cultures and animal models have failed to understand the MM disease and Bortezomib resistance. It is therefore essential to utilize new technologies to reveal a complete molecular profile of the disease. In this review, we in-depth examined the possible molecular mechanisms that cause Bortezomib resistance and specifically addressed MM and Bortezomib resistance. Moreover, we also included

Targeted Delivery Strategies for Multiple Myeloma and Their Adverse Drug Reactions.

Currently, multiple myeloma (MM) is a prevalent hematopoietic system malignancy, known for its insidious onset and unfavorable prognosis. Recently developed chemotherapy drugs for MM have exhibited promising therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, to overcome the shortcomings of traditional clinical drug treatment, such as off-target effects, multiple drug resistance, and systemic toxicity, targeted drug delivery systems are optimizing the conventional pharmaceuticals for precise delivery to designated sites at controlled rates, striving for maximal efficacy and safety, presenting a promising appr

Molecular interactions of miR-338 during tumor progression and metastasis.

BackgroundCancer, as one of the main causes of human deaths, is currently a significant global health challenge. Since the majority of cancer-related deaths are associated with late diagnosis, it is necessary to develop minimally invasive early detection markers to manage and reduce mortality rates. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as highly conserved non-coding RNAs, target the specific mRNAs which are involved in regulation of various fundamental cellular processes such as cell proliferation, death, and signaling pathways. MiRNAs can also be regulated by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (

Effects of Physical Cues on Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles toward Neuropathy Applications.

The peripheral nervous system undergoes sufficient stress when affected by diabetic conditions, chemotherapeutic drugs, and personal injury. Consequently, peripheral neuropathy arises as the most common complication, leading to debilitating symptoms that significantly alter the quality and way of life. The resulting chronic pain requires a treatment approach that does not simply mask the accompanying symptoms but provides the necessary external environment and neurotrophic factors that will effectively facilitate nerve regeneration. Under normal conditions, the peripheral nervous system self-r

Current State of the Art and Prospects of T Cell-Redirecting Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) patients eventually develop multi-drug-resistant disease with poor survival. Hence, the development of novel treatment strategies is of great importance. Recently, different classes of immunotherapeutic agents have shown great promise in heavily pre-treated MM, including T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). These BsAbs simultaneously interact with CD3 on effector T cells and a tumor-associated antigen on MM cells, resulting in redirection of T cells to MM cells. This leads to the formation of an immunologic synapse, the release of granzymes/perforins, and sub

Long non-coding RNA LINC00968 attenuates drug resistance of breast cancer cells through inhibiting the Wnt2/β-catenin signaling pathway by regulating WNT2.

BackgroundBreast cancer is one the most common cancers, making it the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), with tightly regulated expression patterns, also serve as tumor suppressor during tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to elucidate the role of LINC00968 in breast cancer via WNT2-mediated Wnt2/β-catenin signaling pathway.MethodsBreast cancer chip GSE26910 was utilized to identify differential expression in LINC00968 and WNT2. The possible relationship among LINC00968, transcriptional repressor HEY and WNT2 was analyzed and then verif

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… Xia X Yu Y Zhang L Ma Y Wang H Inhibitor of DNA binding 1 regulates cell cycle progression of endothelial progenitor cells through induction of Wnt2 expression Mol Med Rep 2016 14 3 2016 2024 10.3892/mmr.2016.5491 27432753 PMC4991734 18. …

Successful salvage of a severe COVID-19 patient previously with lung cancer and radiation pneumonitis by mesenchymal stem cells: a case report and literature review.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, elderly patients with underlying condition, such as tumors, had poor prognoses after progressing to severe pneumonia and often had poor response to standard treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be a promising treatment for patients with severe pneumonia, but MSCs are rarely used for patients with carcinoma. Here, we reported a 67-year-old female patient with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent osimertinib and radiotherapy and suffered from radiation pneumonitis. Unfortunately, she contracted COVID-19 and that rapidly progressed to severe pneumonia. She respo