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GPRC5D as a novel target for the treatment of multiple myeloma: a narrative review.

Multiple myeloma is a genetically complex and heterogenous malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 60%. Despite advances in therapy, patients experience cycles of remission and relapse, with each successive line of therapy associated with poorer outcomes; therefore, therapies with different mechanisms of action against new myeloma antigens are needed. G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) has emerged as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple myeloma. We review the biology and target validation of GPRC5D, and clinical data from early phas

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… Two patients (12%) had grade 3 infections (bacterial infection and parvovirus infection). …

Inpatient Medicine

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Uncommon Factors Leading to Nephrotic Syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Apart from the traditional causes of NS, such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetes, infections, malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and nephrotoxic agents, there are also rare causes of NS, whose knowledge is of the utmost importance. The aim of this article was to highlight the less well-known causes that have a significant impact on diagnosis and treatment. Genetic syndromes such as Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia, familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransfe

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… In addition to the aforementioned infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus, and parvovirus B1 infections are also cited as secondary causes of NS [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Malignant diseases, such as lymphoma and leukemia, can cause NS through different mechanisms. …

Advanced Diagnostic Techniques

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… nucleus, cyto) Oligodendrogliomas p63 Dog 4A4 EMD Millipore Skin, mammary gland (nuclear) Myoepithelium, epithelial basal cells, urothelial tumors Papilloma virus Dog BPV-1/18+CAM Abcam Infected tissue Infection Parathyroid hormone Cat, Dog A1/70/ab14493 Abcam Parathyroid (cyto) Parathyroid neoplasms Parvovirus … Oligodendrogliomas p63 | Dog | 4A4 | EMD Millipore | Skin, mammary gland (nuclear) | Myoepithelium, epithelial basal cells, urothelial tumors Papilloma virus | Dog | BPV-1/18+CAM | Abcam | Infected tissue | Infection Parathyroid hormone | Cat, Dog | A1/70/ab14493 | Abcam | Parathyroid (cyto) | Parathyroid neoplasms Parvovirus …

Exosomes-loaded with traditional Chinese medicine constituents: a novel therapeutic avenue for aplastic anemia.

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening blood disorder characterized by bone marrow failure and pancytopenia. Treatments such as immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) have limitations, including poor long-term remission and donor shortages. Exosomes, nanosized extracellular vesicles, are promising drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and capacity to penetrate biological barriers. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) regulates hematopoiesis and immunity but faces challenges with delivery. This

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… Aplastic anemia induced by human parvovirus B19 infection in an immunocompetent adult male without prior hematological disorders: a case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022;79:103998. 12. Patel BA, Townsley DM, Scheinberg P. Immunosuppressive therapy in severe aplastic anemia. …

Understanding Autoimmunity: Mechanisms, Predisposing Factors, and Cytokine Therapies.

Autoimmunity refers to an organism's immune response against its own healthy cells, tissues, or components, potentially leading to irreversible damage to vital organs. Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms play crucial roles in preventing autoimmunity by eliminating self-reactive T and B cells. The disruption of immunological tolerance, characterized by the failure of these mechanisms, results in the aberrant activation of autoreactive lymphocytes that target self-tissues, culminating in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and immun

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… Evidence suggests that CD28-negative T-cells are involved in chronic viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and human parvovirus B19. Additionally, a heterogeneous CD8+CD28- T-cell phenotype has been detected in autoimmune diseases. …

Emergency Care

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Genetic Syndromes, Maternal Diseases and Antenatal Factors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affecting about 1% of all children is associated, in addition to complex genetic factors, with a variety of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal etiologies. In addition, ASD is often an important clinical presentation of some well-known genetic syndromes in human. We discuss these syndromes as well as the role of the more important prenatal factors affecting the fetus throughout pregnancy which may also be associated with ASD. Among the genetic disorders we find Fragile X, Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Timothy syndrome, Phelan-McDermid syndrome, Hamartoma tumo

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… immune activation, or exposure in pregnancy to VPA, and high levels of ethanol. (4) Although sometimes suggested, there seems to be sufficient evidence that there is no association with ASD for many maternal infections in pregnancy (i.e., herpes viruses, Epstein Barr virus, varicella—zoster virus, parvovirus …

Infectious Diseases

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… Meningococcus and parvovirus are more common in winter and spring geographic location —Lyme disease in Pacific northwest, the Midwest, and the northeast USA and some southern Canadian locations. RMSF in south-central and Atlantic states. …

T-Cell Redirecting Therapies in Multiple Myeloma: Pathogenesis and Management of Toxicities Beyond CRS and ICANS.

The introduction of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell and bispecific antibody (BsAb) therapies has revolutionized multiple myeloma (MM) treatment, offering exceptional efficacy, and culminating in recent regulatory approval. However, these therapies have brought unique toxicity challenges, manifesting not only with the well-established cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), but also with the emergence of other common and equally distinctive toxicities, including cytopenias, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and the rare but l

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… The IMWG also recommends the evaluation of parvovirus B19 serology in endemic regions [ 9 , 80 , 120 ]. …

High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulins in the Treatment of Severe Acute Viral Pneumonia: The Known Mechanisms and Clinical Effects.

The current outbreak of viral pneumonia, caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is the focus of worldwide attention. The WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic event on Mar 12, 2020, and the number of confirmed cases is still on the rise worldwide. While most infected individuals only experience mild symptoms or may even be asymptomatic, some patients rapidly progress to severe acute respiratory failure with substantial mortality, making it imperative to develop an efficient treatment for severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia alongside supportive care. So far, the optimal treatment strategy for

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… leukemia * Transplantation Multiple myeloma Pediatric HIV infection Drugs induced IVIg as immunomodulatory therapy Hematologic disorders Immune thrombocytopenic purpura * Auto-immune hemolytic anemia Auto-immune neutropenia anemia HIV-associated thrombocytopenia Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia Parvovirus …

Breaking Therapy Resistance: An Update on Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus for Improvements of Cancer Therapy.

Resistance to therapy is a major obstacle to cancer treatment. It may exist from the beginning, or it may develop during therapy. The review focusses on oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a biological agent with potential to break therapy resistance. This avian virus combines, upon inoculation into non-permissive hosts such as human, 12 described anti-neoplastic effects with 11 described immune stimulatory properties. Fifty years of clinical application of NDV give witness to the high safety profile of this biological agent. In 2015, an important milestone was achieved, namely the succ

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… Gemcitabine, a fluorinated deoxycytidine nucleoside analog, was shown to increase the anti-tumor activity of adenovirus , parvovirus , reovirus , vesicular stomatitis virus , HSV , vaccinia, and myxoma virus . …

Infectious Diseases

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… Meningococcus and parvovirus are more common in winter and spring geographic location —Lyme disease in Pacific northwest, the Midwest, and the northeast USA and some southern Canadian locations. RMSF in south-central and Atlantic states. …

An Updated Comprehensive Review on Diseases Associated with Nephrotic Syndromes.

There have been exciting advances in our knowledge of primary glomerular diseases and nephrotic syndromes in recent years. Beyond the histological pattern from renal biopsy, more precise phenotyping of the diseases and the use of modern nephrogenetics helps to improve treatment decisions and sometimes also avoid unnecessary exposure to potentially toxic immunosuppression. New biomarkers have led to easier and more accurate diagnoses and more targeted therapeutic decisions. The treatment landscape is becoming wider with a pipeline of promising new therapeutic agents with more sophisticated appr

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… Secondary to Alterations of Glomerular Epithelial Cells Viral infections | HIV, CMV, Parvovirus B12, EBV, HCV, Hemophagocytic syndrome, SARS-CoV-2 Drug-induced | Direct-acting antiviral therapy, mTOR inhibitors, Calcineurin inhibitors, anthracyclines, heroin, lithium, interferon, anabolic steroids, NSAIDs …

Salmonella enterica and outer membrane vesicles are current and future options for cancer treatment.

Conventional cancer therapies have many limitations. In the last decade, it has been suggested that bacteria-mediated immunotherapy may circumvent the restrictions of traditional treatments. For example, Salmonella enterica is the most promising bacteria for treating cancer due to its intrinsic abilities, such as killing tumor cells, targeting, penetrating, and proliferating into the tumor. S. enterica has been genetically modified to ensure safety and increase its intrinsic antitumor efficacy. This bacterium has been used as a vector for delivering anticancer agents and as a combination thera

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… Typhimurium Δ msbB were evaluated for delivery of epitopes of a canine parvovirus protein ( Lee et al., 2009 ; Jiang et al., 2022 ). OMVs isolated from E. coli Δ msbB have also been assessed against cancer. In both cases, the isolated OMVs had reduced endotoxicity. …

Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune effector cell-related adverse events.

Immune effector cell (IEC) therapies offer durable and sustained remissions in significant numbers of patients with hematological cancers. While these unique immunotherapies have improved outcomes for pediatric and adult patients in a number of disease states, as 'living drugs,' their toxicity profiles, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), differ markedly from conventional cancer therapeutics. At the time of article preparation, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene ciloleuc

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… Donors are carefully screened for blood-borne pathogens, including HIV, hepatitis A, B, and C viruses, and parvovirus B19, and at least two distinct viral inactivation steps are used by all manufacturers. …

Evaluation and Management of Bacterial and Fungal Infections Occurring in Patients with a Hematological Malignancy: A 2011 Update

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… Neutropenia is primarily a consequence of the patients’ underlying disease or treatment, although infection (e.g., cytomegalovirus [CMV], human herpes virus [HHV]-6, HHV-8, parvovirus B19), medication toxicity (e.g., ganciclovir, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, linezolid), or graft rejection following …

Integumentary System

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Translational Advances in Oncogene and Tumor-Suppressor Gene Research.

Cancer, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, is one of the leading causes of death globally, with approximately one in five people developing the disease in their lifetime. While many driver genes were identified decades ago, and most cancers can be classified based on morphology and progression, there is still a significant gap in knowledge about genetic aberrations and nuclear DNA damage. The study of two critical groups of genes-tumor suppressors, which inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis, and oncogenes, which regulate proliferation and survival-can help to unde

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… Some OVs that are considered possible vehicles for oncoviral therapy are the herpes simplex virus, measles, mumps, adenovirus, retrovirus, and parvovirus, among others [ 366 ]. …

The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM) have improved dramatically in the last two decades with the advent of novel therapies including immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, immunotherapy for the treatment of MM has advanced rapidly, with the approval of new targeted agents and monoclonal antibodies directed against myeloma cell-surface antigens, as well as maturing data from late stage trials of chimeric antigen receptor CAR T cells. Therapies that engage the immune system to treat myeloma offer significant clinical benefits with durable

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… Patients may have had a high number of prior therapies before receiving CAR T cells, therefore, for patients who have persistent cytopenia beyond 3 months, evaluation for other causes are recommended including infections such as CMV and parvovirus B19, and bone marrow examination to rule out myelodysplastic …