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Strain-Specific Effects of Epichloë bromicola Symbionts on Photosynthesis and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Hordeum bogdanii.

Epichloë endophytes can confer diverse benefits to host grasses, but the differences in effects between strains from different populations are poorly understood. In this study, we compared the impacts of two Epichloë bromicola strains isolated from distinct geographic populations of Hordeum bogdanii: GS1 (from Linze County, Gansu Province) and WS1 (from Wensu County, Xinjiang Province). Through controlled inoculation experiments, we established two new symbionts-HE2 (WS1 transferred to endophyte-free GF plants) and HE3 (GS1 transferred to endophyte-free WF plants)-alongside the natural symbion…

Speciation of macro- and nanoparticles of Cr2O3 in Hordeum vulgare L. and subsequent toxicity: A comparative study.

Chromium (Cr) is reported to be hazardous to environmental components and surrounding biota when levels exceed allowable thresholds. As Cr is extensively utilized in different industries, thereby comprehensively studied for its toxicity. Along with Cr, the applications of nano-Cr or chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3-NPs) are also expanding; however, the literature is scarce or limited on their phytotoxicity. Thereby, the current work investigated the morpho-physiological insights of macro- and nanoparticles of Cr in Hordeum vulgare L. plants. The increased accumulation and translocation of C…

A multi-omic dissection of spatial hierarchy-dependent grain development in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

GWAS on grain uniformity and transcriptomics across spike shapes/positions reveal checkpoints in barley grainheterogeneity development. Grain uniformity, defined as the consistency of grain size among siblings within a sample, can influence yield performance and malting quality in barley, yet its genetic basis remains poorly understood. Here, we combine genome-wide association analysis of 334 barley accessions with spatiotemporal transcriptomics of two cultivars exhibiting contrasting uniformity. We identified six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) across chromosomes 1H, 2H, 4H, and 5H. The non-un

Protective Role of Diatomite Against Freezing Stress in Hordeum vulgare L.: Insights into Physiological Mechanisms.

Freezing stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting plant growth and productivity. This study evaluates the effects of diatomite (DTM) as a natural silicon-rich amendment on growth performance, physiological responses, and cold stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Seed priming and substrate application of DTM at different concentrations (5-20%) were used to assess morphological, biochemical, and ultrastructural changes under normal and low-temperature conditions. Results showed that DTM significantly enhanced root growth and biomass accumulation, with the most pronounced e…

Au-courant and novel technologies for efficient doubled haploid development in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

Bounteous modern and innovative biotechnological tools have resulted in progressive development in the barley breeding program. Doubled haploids developed (homozygous lines) in a single generation is significant. Since the first discovery of haploid plants in 1920 and, in particular, after discovering in vitro androgenesis in 1964 by Guha and Maheshwari, the doubled haploidy techniques have been progressively developed and constantly improved. It has shortened the cultivar development time and has been extensively used in: genetic studies, gene mapping, marker/trait association, and QTL studie

Diagnosing latent copper deficiency in intact barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare, L.) using near infrared spectroscopy.

Chemometric analysis of near-infrared (NIR) spectra recorded directly on fresh leaves of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare, L.) enabled the separation of control and Cu deficient samples before any visual deficiency symptoms developed. This demonstrates that the molecular structure of leaves is modified during latent Cu deficiency. Lignin biosynthesis is a primary target of Cu deficiency, but lignin concentrations were unaltered when separation was first possible, indicating that alteration of lignin composition, not concentration, is among the earliest effects of Cu deficiency in plants. Validat…

The effect of Hordeum vulgare on the monoaminergic system modulating neural-thyroid dysfunction in hypothyroid female rats.

Thyroid hormones regulate the development and maturation of the brain by maintaining levels of neurotransmitters and their related metabolites. The present work emphasizes the neural dysfunction in the brain caused by hypothyroidism and the potential role of Hordeum vulgare (water soluble barley, (B)) in ameliorating these effects. The study was conducted on euothyroid and hypothyroid adult female rats. The induction of hypothyroidism was conducted by oral-administration of neo-mercazole (5.0 mg.kg-1) daily for thirty days prior the study and terminated at the end of the study. The groups were…

Water Extracts of Hull-less Waxy Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivar 'Boseokchal' Inhibit RANKL-induced Osteoclastogenesis.

Osteoporosis is a disease that leads to reduced bone mineral density. The increase in patient and medical costs because of global aging is recognized as a problem. Decreased bone mass is a common symptom of bone diseases such as Paget's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple myeloma. Osteoclasts, which directly affect bone mass, show a marked increase in differentiation and activation in the aforementioned diseases. Moreover, these multinucleated cells made from monocytes/macrophages under the influence of RANKL and M-CSF, are the only cells capable of resorbing bones. In this study, we f

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… Hull-less waxy barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar ‘Boseokchal’ with high anthocyanin content and purple lemma Korean J. Breed. Sci. 2014 46 456 462 10.9787/KJBS.2014.46.4.456 22. Wang Y. Harding S.V. Thandapilly S.J. Tosh S.M. Jones PJH, Ames NP. …

Identification of manganese efficiency candidate genes in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) using genome wide association mapping.

BACKGROUND: Manganese (Mn) has several essential functions in plants, including a role as cofactor in the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII). Manganese deficiency is a major plant nutritional disorder in winter cereals resulting in significant yield reductions and winter kill in more severe cases. Among the winter cereals, genotypes of winter barley are known to differ considerably in tolerance to Mn deficiency, but the genes controlling the Mn deficiency trait remains elusive. RESULTS: Experiments were conducted using 248 barley varieties, cultivated in six distinct envir

Enhancing T-DNA Transfer Efficiency in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cells Using Extracellular Cellulose and Lectin.

A major limitation of transforming barley tissues by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the low frequency of T-DNA transfer due to recalcitrance of barley as a host. The effect of extracellular cellulose and lectin on Agrobacterium transformation efficiency was investigated in this study. Barley callus cultures were transformed with the AGL1 strain containing the vector pBI121 in the presence of 10 mg mL(-1) cellulose or 0.001, 0.05 and 0.1 mg mL(-1) lectin. Addition of cellulose significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the number of GUS spots by 50 % compared to standard conditions in the presence of onl

The afterlife of a horizontally transferred gene: Expansion and functional diversification of a C1A peptidase in wild Hordeum species.

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can accelerate plant adaptation, but the evolutionary fate of newly acquired nuclear genes is often unclear. Here, we analyzed a papain-like cysteine peptidase horizontally transferred from Panicoideae to wild Hordeum (Poaceae). Using chromosome-level assemblies of 21 diploid Hordeum species, we assessed presence/absence, copy-number variation, coding diversity, selection, predicted protein functionality, and expression. To infer donor relationships, we screened 77 Panicoideae accessions (48 species, 20 genera) by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced positive …

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of different varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) available in Pakistan.

Barley, a globally significant agricultural commodity, is recognized for its nutritional value and health benefits, which are attributed to its bioactive compounds, which possess potent free radical scavenging properties. The novelty of this study was to assess the antioxidant, phytochemical, and nutritional attributes of five varieties of Pakistani barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): Sultan-17, Pearl-21, Talbina-21, Jau-21, and Durum-21. Proximate analysis demonstrated a high carbohydrate (70.02-72.08%) and protein content (10.60-12.11%), with optimal hydration levels that facilitated safe storage a…

Regulation of Sulfate Uptake and Assimilation in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) as Affected by Rhizospheric and Atmospheric Sulfur Nutrition.

To study the regulation of sulfate metabolism in barley (Hordeum vulgare), seedlings were exposed to atmospheric hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the presence and absence of a sulfate supply. Sulfate deprivation reduced shoot and root biomass production by 60% and 70%, respectively, and it affected the plant's mineral nutrient composition. It resulted in a 5.7- and 2.9-fold increased shoot and root molybdenum content, respectively, and a decreased content of several other mineral nutrients. Particularly, it decreased shoot and root total sulfur contents by 60% and 70%, respectively. These decreases c…

Exposure to Nitro-PAHs interfere with germination and early growth of Hordeum vulgare via oxidative stress.

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Nitro-PAHs) as important organic pollutants are ubiquitous in the atmospheric environment, agricultural soils and aquatic environments to pose a severe polluting risk. However, little is known about the mechanism of Nitro-PAHs genotoxicity in plants. We analyzed seeds germination, seedlings growth, and toxicity mechanism following 1-Nitropyrene treatment in Hordeum vulgare. Our results reveal that 1-NP treatment could be an inhibited agent on seeds germination and growth of roots and shoots. Additionally, the reduction of mitotic index and the increas…

A 7×7 diallel cross for developing high-yielding and saline-tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

In this experiment, F1s produced from a 7 × 7 half-diallel cross along with their parents were evaluated to develop high yielding and saline-tolerant barley lines. The investigation focused on the general combining ability (GCA) of parents, specific combining ability (SCA) of offspring, genetic action, and heterosis of eight quantitative variables. Genetic analysis and potence ratio suggested that different degrees of dominance controlling the inheritance of the studied traits. Significant GCA and SCA variances suggested the presence of both additive and non-additive gene actions controlling t

QTL mapping uncovers a semi-dwarf 1 (sdw1) allele in the barley (Hordeum vulgare) ND23049 line.

In barley, semi-dwarf varieties are attractive for their superior harvest index and lodging resistance, but many semi-dwarf barley genotypes suffer from poor spike emergence. We performed a genetic characterization of a semi-dwarf line (ND23049) that combines short stature, strong stiff culms, and adequate spike emergence. We developed a doubled haploid (DH) population derived by crossing ND23049 and the cultivar CLE253. A subset of 88 DH lines and parents were characterized for plant height in 2013 and 2014 and genotyped. In total, 1984 SNPs (345 unique loci) were used to produce a linkage ma

Metal-induced genotoxic adaptation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to maleic hydrazide and methyl mercuric chloride.

Presoaked seeds of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., were exposed for 2 h to maleic hydrazide (MH), 5 x 10(-2) M or methyl mercuric chloride (MMCl), 10(-4) M with or without a prior conditioning with MH, 5 x 10(-3) M; MMCl, 10(-5) M; cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), 10(-4) M or zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), 10(-1) M; the interexposure time was 2 h. Subsequently as the seeds germinated a number of endpoints were measured that included mitotic index, mitotic chromosome aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) in embryonic shoot cells fixed at 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 and 52 h of recovery, and seedling height on day 7. The results…

Unravelling the expression patterns of the CCO gene family in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) under various stress conditions.

BACKGROUND: Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) are non-heme iron-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids and play important roles in the biosynthesis of apocarotenoids involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, a comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the CCO gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has not been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, a genome-wide analysis was performed to identify and characterize CCO genes in barley using comparative genomics and bioinformatics approaches. A total of 11 HvCCO genes …

AgNO3 Sterilizes Grains of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) without Inhibiting Germination-A Necessary Tool for Plant-Microbiome Research.

To understand and manipulate the interactions between plants and microorganisms, sterile seeds are a necessity. The seed microbiome (inside and surface microorganisms) is unknown for most plant species and seed-borne microorganisms can persist and transfer to the seedling and rhizosphere, thereby obscuring the effects that purposely introduced microorganisms have on plants. This necessitates that these unidentified, seed-borne microorganisms are removed before seeds are used for studies on plant-microbiome interactions. Unfortunately, there is no single, standardized protocol for seed steriliz

Enhancement of Photosynthetic Iron-Use Efficiency Is an Important Trait of Hordeum vulgare for Adaptation of Photosystems to Iron Deficiency.

Leaf iron (Fe) contents in Fe-deficiency-tolerant plants are not necessarily higher than that in Fe-deficiency-susceptible ones, suggesting an unknown mechanism involved in saving and allowing the efficient use of minimal Fe. To quantitatively evaluate the difference in Fe economy for photosynthesis, we compared the ratio of CO2 assimilation rate to Fe content in newly developed leaves as a novel index of photosynthetic iron-use efficiency (PIUE) among 23 different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties. Notably, varieties originating from areas with alkaline soil increased PIUE in response to …