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Molecular Imaging in Photon Radiotherapy.

Nowadays, more than ever before, the treatment of cancer patients requires an interdisciplinary approach. Radiation therapy (RT) has become … ic (gross tumor volume [GTV]) and microscopic tumor spread (clinical tumor volume [CTV]).Therefore, molecular imaging, especially positron emission tomography (PET) and multiparametric MRI, offers exciting new possibilities to improve RT planning and monitoring. While radio-oncology has become a vast field, this chapter is supposed to give an overview of the applic …

Functional and molecular brainstem imaging.

The brainstem connects the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord and includes several nuclei that produce key neurotransmitters important for the modulation of behavior and cognition. Since the 16th century, humans have tried to understand the importance of the brainstem in health and disease. The development of modern neuroimaging methods, using functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography, has ushered in an era of understanding function and molecular changes in the brainstem in many neurologic diseases. This chapter discusses the methodologic complexities of imaging

Molecular Imaging of Pituitary Tumors.

Tumors of the pituitary gland, although mostly benign adenomas, are a cause of significant morbidity and even excess mortality due to local … where post-treatment remodeling results in indeterminate anatomical appearances. In these contexts, molecular imaging is a potential game-changer, allowing precise localization of sites of active disease and enabling safe and effective targeted intervention when patients would otherwise be consigned to expensive life-long medication. For pituitary and parasellar im …

Functional and molecular thyroid imaging.

Nuclear medicine methods were introduced in the 1940s for thyroid disease diagnosis and therapy. They is still a crucial part of thyroid nod … yroid nodules, as confirmed by meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness studies. All considered thyroid molecular imaging allows functional characterization of different thyroid diseases, even before clinical symptoms become manifest, and remains integral to the management of such conditions. This paper summarizes main concepts of thyroid scintigraphy and its clinical …

Всемирный конгресс молекулярного воображения 2022.

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… 2022 World Molecular Imaging Congress Program Title: World Molecular Imaging Congress 2022 Date: September 28-October 1, 2022 Location: Miami, FL, USA Sponsorship: Publication of this supplement was sponsored by the World Molecular Imaging Society. … imaging(8). …

Thyroid functional and molecular imaging.

Radioiodine uptake (RAIU) test with iodine-123 (Na[123I]I) or iodine-131 (Na[131I]I) enables accurate evaluation and quantification of iodin … ty of Na[131I]I to treat hyperthyroidism and euthyroid multinodular goiter. All considered, thyroid molecular imaging allows functional characterization of different thyroid diseases, even before clinical symptoms become manifest, and remains integral to the management of such conditions. Our present paper summarizes basic concepts, clinical applications, and poten …

Molecular imaging of cardiovascular inflammation.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis, are chronic inflammatory diseases characterised by a complex and evolving tissue micro-environment. Molecular heterogeneity of inflammatory responses translates into clinical outcomes. However, current medical imaging modalities are unable to reveal the cellular and molecular events at a level of detail that would allow more accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment. This is an inherent limitation of the current imaging tools, which are restricted to anatomical or functional data. Molecular imaging-the visualisation and quantificatio…

Molecular Imaging of Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Transthyretin and light-chain amyloidosis are the 2 main causes of cardiac amyloidosis. Recent developments in molecular imaging have transformed our ability to diagnose transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis noninvasively and unmasked a hitherto unrecognized prevalence of the disease. This review summarizes the current and evolving imaging approaches, their molecular structural basis, and the gaps in imaging capabilities that have arisen as a result of parallel developments in pharmacotherapy delivering the first effective treatment options for this condition.

Molecular imaging of dopamine transporters.

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is responsible for clearance of dopamine from the synaptic cleft after its release. Imaging DAT availability provides a measure of dopamine terminal function and a method for detecting the striatal dopamine terminal dysfunction present in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical neurodegenerative parkinsonian disorders such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). DAT imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used to suppo

Molecular imaging of movement disorders.

Positron emission tomography measures the activity of radioactively labeled compounds which distribute and accumulate in central nervous sys … eral cortices in CBD. Finally, cardiac sympathetic SPECT signal is decreased in PD. The capacity of molecular imaging to provide in vivo time courses of gene expression, protein synthesis, receptor and transporter binding, could facilitate the development and evaluation of novel medical, surgical and genetic therapies in movement disorders.

Molecular Imaging of Pituitary Pathology.

The presence of large numbers and/or the high affinity of dopamine D2 and/or somatostatin receptors on pituitary adenomas may enable their visualization with radionuclide-coupled receptor agonists or antagonists. However, the role of these imaging modalities in the differential diagnosis of or therapeutic purposes for pituitary lesions is very limited. Only in very specific cases might these molecular imaging techniques become helpful. These include the differential diagnosis of pituitary lesions, ectopic production of pituitary hormones, such as adrenocorticotrophic hormone, growth hormone (G…

Molecular imaging of vascular inflammation.

Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications represent the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized countries. Despi … ngiography, magnetic resonance imaging, intravascular ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography. Molecular imaging is the tool best suited for identifying metabolically active macrophages. Indeed, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is capable of identifying and quantifying vascular inflammation characterized by macrophag …

Molecular SPECT Imaging: An Overview.

Molecular imaging has witnessed a tremendous change over the last decade. Growing interest and emphasis are placed on this specialized technology represented by developing new scanners, pharmaceutical drugs, diagnostic agents, new therapeutic regimens, and ultimately, significant improvement of patient health care. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have their signature on paving the way to molecular diagnostics and personalized medicine. The former will be the topic of the current paper where the authors address the current position of th…

PET: the merging of biology and imaging into molecular imaging.

PET and SPECT are molecular imaging techniques that use radiolabeled molecules to image molecular interactions of biological processes in vivo. PET imaging technologies have been developed to provide a pathway to the patient from the experimental paradigms of biological and pharmaceutical sciences in genetically engineered and tissue transplanted mouse models of disease. PET provides a novel way for molecular therapies and molecular diagnostics to come together in the discovery of molecules that can be used in low mass amounts to image the function of a target and, by elevating the mass, to ph…

Molecular imaging of disease with targeted contrast ultrasound imaging.

To enhance clinical care for patients, methods for noninvasive imaging of specific disease-related molecular changes are being developed to expand and improve diagnostic capabilities. These new techniques are used in research programs to characterize pathophysiology and as a surrogate end point for therapeutic efficacy. Molecular imaging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound relies on the detection of microbubbles or other acoustically active particulate agents that are targeted to and retained at sites of disease. This review describes the progress that has been made in the development and testin…

Targeted molecular imaging agents for cellular-scale bimodal imaging.

Molecular imaging is a powerful tool that has the ability to elucidate biochemical mechanisms and signal the early onset of disease. Overexpression of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has been observed in a variety disease states, including glioblastoma, breast cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, the PBR could be an attractive target for molecular imaging. In this paper, the authors report cellular uptake and multimodal (MRI and fluorescence) imaging of PBR-overexpressing C6 glioblastoma (brain cancer) cells using a cocktail administration approach and a new PBR targeted lanthan…

Advances in molecular imaging for osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex, multifactorial joint disease and a leading contributor to global disability. Despite its high prevalence and socioeconomic burden, no curative or preventive therapies currently exist. The ability to detect early OA, or even "pre-OA" could provide the opportunity for earlier interventions. Current conventional imaging modalities such as radiography and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are limited by their inability to detect early pathophysiological molecular changes. This review highlights the potential of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to transfor

Molecular Imaging of the Dopamine Transporter.

Dopamine transporter (DAT) single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) with (123)Ioflupane is a widely used diagnostic tool for patients with suspected parkinsonian syndromes, as it assists with differentiating between Parkinson's disease (PD) or atypical parkinsonisms and conditions without a presynaptic dopaminergic deficit such as essential tremor, vascular and drug-induced parkinsonisms. Recent evidence supports its utility as in vivo proof of degenerative parkinsonisms, and DAT imaging has been proposed as a potential surrogate marker for dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. However, the int

Molecular Imaging of Neuroinflammation in HIV.

The development of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the lifespan of persons living with HIV (PLWH), with most PLWH having a normal life expectancy. While significant progress has occurred, PLWH continue to have multiple health complications, including HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). While the exact cause of HAND is not known, persistent neuroinflammation is hypothesized to be an important potential contributor. Molecular imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) can non-invasively evaluate neuroinflammation. PET radiotracers specific for increased exp…

Multimodality molecular imaging of the lung.

The continued progression of chronic lung disease despite current treatment options has led to the increasing evaluation of molecular imaging tools for diagnosis, treatment planning, drug discovery, and therapy monitoring. Concurrently the development of multimodality positron emission tomography (PET) / computed tomography (CT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/PET scanners has opened the potential for more sophisticated imaging biomarker probes. Here we review the potential uses of multimodality imaging tools, the established uses of…