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Viral genomic features predict Orthopoxvirus reservoir hosts.

Orthopoxviruses (OPVs), including the causative agents of smallpox and mpox have led to devastating outbreaks in human populations worldwide. However, the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, which also provides cross-protection against related OPVs, has diminished global immunity to OPVs more broadly. We apply machine learning models incorporating both host ecological and viral genomic features to predict likely reservoirs of OPVs. We demonstrate that incorporating viral genomic features in addition to host ecological traits enhanced the accuracy of potential OPV host predictions, highlig…

Orthopoxvirus strains defective in surface antigen induction.

Various strains of vaccinia, variola, whitepox, monkeypox and cowpox viruses were examined for their capacity to induce a specific early antigen detectable on the surface of infected cells. The Elstree strain of vaccinia, two strains of variola minor and white variants of cowpox and monkeypox viruses lacked the capacity to induce the antigen. Variation of the parent cowpox and monkeypox viruses to white variants was always accompanied by the loss of the antigen-inducing capacity.

Orthopoxvirus Infections in Rodents, Nigeria, 2018-2019.

To investigate animal reservoirs of monkeypox virus in Nigeria, we sampled 240 rodents during 2018-2019. Molecular (real-time PCR) and serologic (IgM) evidence indicated orthopoxvirus infections, but presence of monkeypox virus was not confirmed. These results can be used to develop public health interventions to reduce human infection with orthopoxviruses.

Smallpox, Monkeypox and Other Human Orthopoxvirus Infections.

Considering that vaccination against smallpox with live vaccinia virus led to serious adverse effects in some cases, the WHO, after declaration of the global eradication of smallpox in 1980, strongly recommended to discontinue the vaccination in all countries. This led to the loss of immunity against not only smallpox but also other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections in humans over the past years. An increasing number of human infections with zoonotic orthopoxviruses and, first of all, monkeypox, force us to reconsider a possible re-emergence of smallpox or a similar disease as a result of natu…

Mouse models for studying orthopoxvirus respiratory infections.

Concern regarding the use of variola and monkeypox viruses as bioterrorist agents has led to an increased study of orthopoxviruses to understand the molecular and cellular basis of pathogenesis and develop safe and effective antivirals and vaccines against smallpox. Crucial to these efforts is the availability of animal models, which are inexpensive, genetically homogeneous, and recapitulate the human disease. The popular small-animal orthopoxvirus models employ the inbred mouse as the host, the respiratory tract as the site of virus inoculation, and orthopoxviruses-vaccinia, cowpox, and ectro…

Neurological complications of Orthopoxvirus infections: neurotropism and neurovirulence.

With the declaration of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection as a global health emergency in 2022 by the World Health Organization and its ongoing presence, orthopoxviruses have garnered increasing attention, including their capacity to cause neurological disease. Indeed, the mpox syndrome caused by MPXV infection is recapitulated in humans for several other orthopoxviruses, including variola (VARV, the cause of smallpox), vaccinia (VACV), camelpox (CMPX) and cowpox (CPXV) viruses, albeit with variable disease severities. In addition to prototypic signs and symptoms of Orthopoxvirus infections, su…

Обезьяна: Мини-обследование формирующегося на глобальном уровне ортопоксивируса.

Monkeypox — зоонотическая инфекционная болезнь, принадлежащая семейству ортопоксивирусов, которая в основном имела место в Западной и Центральной Африке с момента ее обнаружения в 1958 году. В мае 2022 года в международном масштабе началась глобальная вспышка обезьянопокса, при этом число случаев по-прежнему растет по мере подготовки настоящего обзора. Цель этого мини-обзора состояла в анализе существующей литературы по обезьянопоксу, опубликованной начиная с 2017 года, с тем чтобы обеспечить эпидемиологический контекст для нынешних вспышек. Базы данных PubMed и Google School использовались дл

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Monkeypox is a zoonotic infectious disease belonging to the orthopoxvirus family that has predominantly occurred in West and Central Africa since it was initially discovered in 1958. In May 2022, a global outbreak of monkeypox began to occur on an international scale, with case numbers still rising as this review is being written. This mini review sought to …

Novel Orthopoxvirus and Lethal Disease in Cat, Italy.

We report detection and full-genome characterization of a novel orthopoxvirus (OPXV) responsible for a fatal infection in a cat. The virus induced skin lesions histologically characterized by leukocyte infiltration and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions. Different PCR approaches were unable to assign the virus to a defined OPXV species. Large amounts of typical brick-shaped virions, morphologically related to OPXV, were observed by electron microscopy. This OPXV strain (Italy_09/17) was isolated on cell cultures and embryonated eggs. Phylogenetic analysis of 9 concatenated genes showed that t…

[Cutaneous infection with Orthopoxvirus bovis in a German Spaniel].

A 4-year-old female German Spaniel was presented with anorexia. Clinically, the dog showed papular to ulcerative lesions on the nasal planum … and electron microscopy showed pox virus particles in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells. DNA of Orthopoxvirus bovis was identified by polymerase chain reaction. Consequently, in dogs with papular to ulcerative lesions in the face or on the tongue, infection with cowpoxvirus should be considered as an etiological differential diagnosis. Infected dogs represe …

Human infection with a zoonotic orthopoxvirus in the country of Georgia.

During 2013, cutaneous lesions developed in two men in the country of Georgia after they were exposed to ill cows. The men had never received vaccination against smallpox. Tests of lesion material with the use of a quantitative real-time polymerase-chain-reaction assay for non-variola virus orthopoxviruses were positive, and DNA sequence analysis implicated a novel orthopoxvirus species. During the ensuing epidemiologic investigation, no additional human cases were identified. However, serologic evidence of exposure to an orthopoxvirus was detected in cows in the patients' herd and in captured…

Orthopoxvirus species and strain differences in cell entry.

Vaccinia virus (VACV) enters cells by a low pH endosomal route or by direct fusion with the plasma membrane. We previously found differences … ilar to WR than to other VACV strains, underscoring the biological importance of endosomal entry by orthopoxviruses. Sequence comparisons, gene deletions and gene swapping experiments indicated that viral determinants, other than or in addition to the A26 and A25 "fusion-suppressor" proteins, impact entry properties.

Orthopoxvirus genome evolution: the role of gene loss.

Poxviruses are highly successful pathogens, known to infect a variety of hosts. The family Poxviridae includes Variola virus, the causative … ic tool, we predicted accurate gene sets for viruses with completely sequenced genomes in the genus Orthopoxvirus. Employing sensitive sequence comparison techniques together with comparison of syntenic gene maps, we established the relationships between all viral gene sets. These techniques allowed us to unambiguously identify the gene loss/gain events that ha …

Orthopoxvirus DNA: a comparison of restriction profiles and maps.

Characteristic DNA endonuclease digest fragment electropherograms and restriction site maps permitted differentiation and genome structure analysis of 38 orthopoxviruses that included isolates of monkeypox virus from humans and animals, monkeypox white variants, variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, Tatera (gerbil) and raccoon poxviruses, and cowpox and camelpox viruses. HindIII cleavage sites mapped on the 38 virus genome DNAs plus SmaI, BglI, SacI, KpnI, XhoI, and SalI maps for variola (Harvey) and monkeypox (Copenhagen) virus DNAs were derived essentially by cross-hybridizations with monkeypox, va…

Preliminary Screening and In Vitro Confirmation of Orthopoxvirus Antivirals.

The lack of antiviral drugs for the treatment of orthopoxvirus disease represents an unmet medical need, particularly due to the threat of variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) as an agent of biowarfare or bioterrorism (Henderson, 283:1279-1282, 1999). In addition to variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses are orthopoxviruses of concern to human health (Lewis-Jones, 17:81-89, 2004). Smallpox vaccination, using the closely related vaccinia virus, is no longer provided to the general public leading to a worldwide population increasingly susceptible not only to variola but to m…

Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections.

Despite the eradication of smallpox several decades ago, variola and monkeypox viruses still have the potential to become significant threats to public health. The current licensed live vaccinia virus-based smallpox vaccine is extremely effective as a prophylactic vaccine to prevent orthopoxvirus infections, but because of safety issues, it is no longer given as a routine vaccine to the general population. In the event of serious human orthopoxvirus infections, it is important to have treatments available for individual patients as well as their close contacts. The smallpox vaccine and vaccini…

Therapeutic and prophylactic drugs to treat orthopoxvirus infections.

With the global eradication of smallpox in 1979, the causative agent, variola, no longer circulates in human populations. Other human poxvir … those infected may be an option. Here we describe historical, current and future therapies to treat orthopoxvirus diseases.

Microarray assay for detection and discrimination of Orthopoxvirus species.

A microarray method was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of six species of Orthopoxvirus (OPV) including Variola, Monkeypox, Cowpox, Camelpox, Vaccinia, and Ectromelia viruses. The method allowed us to discriminate OPV species from varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Herpes Simplex 1 virus (HSV-1), and Herpes Simplex 2 virus (HSV-2) that cause infections with clinical manifestations similar to OPV infections. The nucleotide sequences of the C23L/B29R and the B19R genes identified for 86 and 72 different OPV strains, respectively, were used to design species-specific microarray…

Skin lesions caused by orthopoxvirus infection in a dog.

A seven-year-old male dobermann was presented for examination of a non-pruritic ulcerated lesion occurring at the site of a suspected rat bite on the muzzle. Biopsy revealed focal ulcerative dermatitis, with cells in the epidermis, follicular infundibula and interposed sebaceous glands undergoing ballooning degeneration and containing large acidophilic intracytoplasmic structures resembling poxvirus inclusion bodies. The diagnosis of orthopoxvirus infection was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The biopsy site healed uneventfully, without evidence of recur…

Enzyme studies for the characterization of some orthopoxvirus isolates.

The thymidine kinase produced in cell cultures by several orthopoxviruses has been tested for sensitivity to inhibition by thymidine triphosphate (TTP). Thymidine kinase preparations from eleven variola isolates and from five "whitepox" isolates were all found to be sensitive to inhibition by TTP. Preparations from other orthopoxviruses, including vaccinia, cowpox, and monkeypox, were all resistant to inhibition by TTP. There was no overlap between the two groups of results and no viruses were found which gave intermediate results. Tests with hybrid viruses showed that this character segregate…

Feline orthopoxvirus infection transmitted from cat to human.

We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient who presented with an inflamed, ulcerated lesion on the left side of her neck after conta … d keratinocytes, and virus particles in intermingled phagocytes, leading to the diagnosis of feline Orthopoxvirus (cowpox virus) infection. These results were verified by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Concern has been raised as to whether discontinuation of smallpox vaccine would cause an increase in Orthopoxvirus infection, but this has not yet sho …