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A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies.

Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand, HWA) remains the single greatest threat to the health and sustainability of hemlock in the eastern USA. The loss of hemlock trees leads to further negative impacts on the diversity and stability of ecosystems in the eastern part of North America. It is, therefore, urgent to develop effective control measures to reduce HWA populations and promote overall hemlock health. Currently available individual and integrated approaches should continue to be evaluated in the laboratory and in the field along with the development of other new and innovative me…

Exploitative competition between invasive herbivores benefits a native host plant.

Although biological invasions are of considerable concern to ecologists, relatively little attention has been paid to the potential for and consequences of indirect interactions between invasive species. Such interactions are generally thought to enhance invasives' spread and impact (i.e., the "invasional meltdown" hypothesis); however, exotic species might also act indirectly to slow the spread or blunt the impact of other invasives. On the east coast of the United States, the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae, HWA) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa, EHS) both feed on…

Invasive insect effects on nitrogen cycling and host physiology are not tightly linked.

Invasive insects may dramatically alter resource cycling and productivity in forest ecosystems. Yet, although responses of individual trees should both reflect and affect ecosystem-scale responses, relationships between physiological- and ecosystem-scale responses to invasive insects have not been extensively studied. To address this issue, we examined changes in soil nitrogen (N) cycling, N uptake and allocation, and needle biochemistry and physiology in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L) Carr) saplings, associated with infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae Annand…

Survival of elongate hemlock scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) with prolonged cold exposure: overwintering mortality risk across North America.

Elongate hemlock scale, Fiorinia externa Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is an invasive pest of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, and other Pinaceae such as Fraser fir, Abies fraseri. Cut Fraser firs (ie for Christmas trees and other holiday greenery) with F. externa have been intercepted in US states beyond where the insect is known to be established and, in some cases, where exposure to freezing temperatures might be prolonged. This study measures the effect of constant low temperatures (3, -10, or -20 °C) on survival of overwintering F. externa females from eastern hemlock in Michigan and…

Hemlock woolly adelgid and elongate hemlock scale induce changes in foliar and twig volatiles of eastern hemlock.

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is in rapid decline because of infestation by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae; 'HWA') and, to a lesser extent, the invasive elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa; 'EHS'). For many conifers, induced oleoresin-based defenses play a central role in their response to herbivorous insects; however, it is unknown whether eastern hemlock mobilizes these inducible defenses. We conducted a study to determine if feeding by HWA or EHS induced changes in the volatile resin compounds of eastern hemlock. Young trees were experimentally infested for 3 …

Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid: Implications of Adult Emergence Patterns of Two Leucopis spp. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) Larval Drop.

The hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae Adelges tsugae Annand) poses a serious threat to hemlocks in eastern North America, and ongoing research is focused on the identification and development of biological controls to protect and manage hemlock resources. Three predators native to the Pacific Northwest of North America that have been the focus of much research are Leucopis argenticollis (Zetterstedt), Leucopis piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), and Laricobius nigrinus (Fender) (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). This study addresses the knowledge gap of adult Leucopis spp. emerge…

Oak seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization are less in eastern hemlock stands infested with hemlock woolly adelgid than in adjacent oak stands.

Invasive, non-indigenous, phytophagous insects have caused widespread declines in several dominant tree species. The decline in dominant tree species may lead to cascading effects on other tree and microbial species and their interactions, affecting forest recovery following the decline. In the eastern USA, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) is declining because of infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand). Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is a common replacement species in declining hemlock stands, but reduced mycorrhizal inoculum potential in infeste…

Imidacloprid movement in soils and impacts on soil microarthropods in southern Appalachian eastern hemlock stands.

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide effective in controlling the exotic pest (hemlock woolly adelgid) in eastern hemlock () trees. Concerns over imidacloprid impacts on nontarget species have limited its application in southern Appalachian ecosystems. We quantified the movement and adsorption of imidacloprid in forest soils after soil injection in two sites at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina. Soils differed in profile depth, total carbon and nitrogen content, and effective cation exchange capacity. We injected imidacloprid 5 cm into mineral soil, 1.5 m from infested

Behavioral Responses of Laricobius spp. and Hybrids (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid and Adelgid Host Tree Odors in an Olfactometer.

The predatory species Laricobius nigrinus (Fender) and Laricobius osakensis (Shiyake and Montgomery) (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) have been released for biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae; Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in eastern North America. L. osakensis is native to Japan, whereas L. nigrinus is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada. After release, L. nigrinus was found to hybridize with the native eastern species, Laricobius rubidus (LeConte). The purpose of this study is to observe prey location behaviors of these three Laricobius species and L.…

Update and taxonomic revision of Ganoderma (Basidiomycota, Ganodermataceae) from China.

China possesses a particularly high diversity of Ganoderma, a genus of fungi with significant pharmacological relevance. This study provides … ma species with a verified Asia-North America disjunct distribution, following G. applanatum and G. tsugae. Re-examination of type specimens leads to the synonymization of G. weixiense with G. leucocontextum syn. nov., and G. tibetanum with G. oregonense syn. nov. Sequencing the ITS region from the G. tibetanum holotype resolves longstanding taxonomic u …

Resource availability alters breeding strategies in a small mammal community.

Following a resource pulse, animals may finance reproduction by consuming concurrently available resources (income breeding) or by storing r … tern USA during which six masting events of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) occurred. Masting created alternate years where seeds were either available late (masting year) or early (cached from the previous year) in the breeding season. The small mammal species differed in reliance on seeds and overwintering str …

Immunomodulatory proteins FIP-gts and chloroquine induce caspase-independent cell death via autophagy for resensitizing cisplatin-resistant urothelial cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Chloroquine, a lysosomal inhibitor, is used for malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus erythematosus therapy. In our previous study, FIP-gts, an immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma tsugae, inhibited cell viability in lung cancer cells and urothelial cancer cells. Urothelial carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer. Cisplatin resistance is an important issue in urothelial carcinoma therapy. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of combination treatment with FIP-gts and chloroquine on cytotoxicity to resensitize the cisplatin-resistant cells. …

Cytotoxicity of Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus extracts on hematologic malignant cells through activation of the SAPK/JNK signaling pathway.

Treatment of hematologic malignancies is a formidable challenge for hematologists and there is an urgent need to identify safe and efficacious agents either via synthesis in the laboratory or isolation from natural products. Here, we report the cytotoxicity of extracts from mushroom Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus Høil (G. pps) and describe its molecular mechanisms. Using leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cell lines, 28-35 ppm G. pps extract inhibited cell proliferation by ~46-79%, which correlates with activation of apoptosis as indicated by increase in annexin V-positive cells (~5-8-fol

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… Ganoderma tsugae induces ROS-independent mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human leukemia cells [ 46 ]. The cytotoxicity of steroid 9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium involves direct effects on mitochondria and nucleus [ 47 ]. … Ganoderma tsugae induced ROS-independent apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Food Chem Toxic. 2019; 124:30–44. 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.043 47. Zheng L, Wong Y-S, Shao M, Huang S, Wang F, Chen J. …

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Ganoderma lucidum in Cancer.

Triterpenoids, such as ganoderic acid, and polysaccharides, including β-D-glucans, α-D-glucans, and α-D-mannans, are the main secondary metabolites of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum. There is evidence of the effects of ganoderic acid in hematological malignancies, whose mechanisms involve the stimulation of immune response, the macrophage-like differentiation, the activation of MAP-K pathway, an IL3-dependent cytotoxic action, the induction of cytoprotective autophagy, and the induction of apoptosis. In fact, this compound has been tested in twenty-six different human cancer cell types

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… Antitumor active polysaccharides from the Chinese mushroom Songshan lingzhi, the fruiting body of Ganoderma tsugae. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1993;57:894–900. doi: 10.1271/bbb.57.894. 8. Unlu A., Nayir E., Kirca O., Ozdogan M. Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi Mushroom) and cancer. J. … Ganoderma tsugae induced ROS-independent apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2019;124:30–44. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.043. 120. Wagner E.F., Nebreda Á.R. Signal integration by JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in cancer development. Nat. …

Natural Products/Bioactive Compounds as a Source of Anticancer Drugs.

Cancer is one of the major deadly diseases globally. The alarming rise in the mortality rate due to this disease attracks attention towards discovering potent anticancer agents to overcome its mortality rate. The discovery of novel and effective anticancer agents from natural sources has been the main point of interest in pharmaceutical research because of attractive natural therapeutic agents with an immense chemical diversity in species of animals, plants, and microorganisms. More than 60% of contemporary anticancer drugs, in one form or another, have originated from natural sources. Plants

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… Ganoderma tsugae suppresses the proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells via Akt signaling pathway Environ. Toxicol. 2021 36 320 327 10.1002/tox.23037 33044769 167. Sadowska A. Zapora E. Sawicka D. Niemirowicz-Laskowska K. Surażyński A. Sułkowska-Ziaja K. Kała K. Stocki M. Wołkowycki M. …

The Inclusion of Dietary and Medicinal Mushrooms into Translational Oncology: Pros and Cons at the Molecular Level.

Mushrooms are valued for their nutritional qualities and have been used in traditional medicine since the Neolithic era. They exhibit various bioactivities, including antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. The anticancer effects arise via direct action on tumor cells and indirect modulation of the immune system; the latter is the predominant mechanism. Numerous studies indicate that various mushroom species are potent immunostimulants because their cell wall polysaccharides and proteoglycans are recognized by intestinal immune cells. This enhances antitumor

Unlocking the Potential of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis): Botanical Overview, Therapeutic Applications, and Nanotechnological Advances.

Background:Ganoderma lucidum (GL), commonly known as the "Lingzhi" or "Reishi" mushroom, has long been recognized for its potential health benefits and medicinal properties in traditional Chinese medicine. The unique potential combination of bioactive compounds present in GL, such as triterpenoids, polysaccharides, and peptides, has inspired interest in leveraging their therapeutic potential In recent years, the emerging field of nanotechnology has opened up new possibilities for using the remarkable properties of GL at the nanoscale. Objetive: The main objective of this review is to explore t

Clinical Profile of Patients Presenting with Scrub Typhus at a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern India: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Scrub typhus is a reemerging rickettsial infection in India and remains an important cause of acute febrile illness with the potential for severe multi-organ involvement if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Data from eastern India remain limited. OBJECTIVES: To delineate the clinical and laboratory profile of patients diagnosed with scrub typhus admitted to a tertiary care center in eastern India. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna, including adult patients (>15 years) with serologically confirm

Determining an Optical Density (OD) cut-off value of IgM Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of Scrub typhus in the selected states of Northeast India.

PURPOSE: Scrub typhus, an acute febrile illness caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, is increasingly reported across Northeast India. IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) remains the most commonly used and cost-effective serological test for diagnosis. However, the performance of IgM ELISA is highly dependent on region-specific optical density (OD) cut-off values to minimise both over-diagnosis due to background seropositivity and missed cases in endemic areas. The present study was undertaken to establish an appropriate OD cut-off for Scrub typhus Ig…

Beyond Fever-The Changing Face of Acute Leptospirosis: A Retrospective Observational Study from Western India.

BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection caused by pathogenic Leptospira species and remains a significant cause of acute febrile illness in tropical regions. Its clinical spectrum ranges from mild, self-limiting illness to severe multi-organ dysfunction. The disease is broadly classified into anicteric and icteric (Weil's disease) forms, the latter associated with jaundice and increased morbidity. In India, diagnosis is often challenging due to overlapping features with other endemic infections such as dengue and scrub typhus. Coinfections and changing epidemiological patterns, inclu