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Unrecognised transmission of tuberculosis in prisons.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health concern in correctional facilities. High turnover of inmate populations may preclude timely diagnosis of TB, so that unrecognised transmission may be common. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of inmates with new skin test conversions who had identifiable exposure to diagnosed cases of TB in the correctional system, and to test the hypothesis that source cases of TB may be undiagnosed during incarceration. SETTING: Maryland Division of Corrections, USA. SUBJECTS: All inmates whose skin test converted from negative to positive at annual sc

Scabies: diagnosis and treatment.

Scabies is a common, severely pruritic, contagious disorder. Treatment must be careful and methodical to avoid continuing infestation. Patients and their contacts must be treated, and clothing changed. Failure to discover all the contacts leads to continuing spread of the disease.

Viral genome sequencing to decipher in-hospital SARS-CoV-2 transmission events.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need to better define in-hospital transmissions, a need that extends to all other common infecti … clusters inferred from viral genome sequencing were compared to those inferred from interview-based contact tracing. An additional dataset collected at the same time at another university hospital in the same city was used to account for multiple independent introductions. Clustering analysis of 619 viral genomes generated 19 clusters ranging from 3 to 31 individ …

Community Transmission of Pneumonic Plague, Fenoarivobe, Madagascar, 2022.

The results of an outbreak investigation of pneumonic plague conducted in the plague-endemic district of Fenoarivobe, Madagascar, revealed a familial cluster of plague. Transmission was aided by intrahousehold contact or gatherings and was amplified by delayed plague treatment, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and rapid initiation of appropriate therapy.

Improving HIV test uptake and case finding with assisted partner notification services.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the enormous expansion of HIV testing services (HTS), an estimated 40% of people with HIV infection remain undiagnosed. To enhance the efficiency of HTS, new approaches are needed. The WHO conducted a systematic review on the effectiveness of assisted partner notification in improving HIV test uptake and diagnosis, and the occurrence of adverse events, to inform the development of normative guidelines. METHODS: We systematically searched five electronic databases through June 2016. We also contacted experts in the field and study authors for additional information where nee

Tuberculosis Contact Investigations--United States, 2003-2012.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted through the air from an infectious patient (index patient) to other persons (contacts) who share space. Exposure to M. tuberculosis can result in tuberculosis (TB) disease or latent TB infection (LTBI), which has no clinical symptoms or radiologic evidence of disease. The cycle of transmission can be ended by isolating and treating patients with TB disease, examining contacts, and treating LTBI to prevent progression to TB disease. CDC systematically collects aggregate data on contact investigations from the 50 states, the District of Columbia (DC), an

Strategies for partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases.

BACKGROUND: Partner notification has been practiced for decades, with substantial resources directed towards it, and with little evidence on whether it has made a public health impact on disease transmission. Most of the evaluations were not randomized controlled trials, and were conducted in the United States, prior to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. There are reasons to question whether partner notification for gonorrhoea and chlamydia is applicable to HIV. It is also questionable whether interventions for the developed world are applicable to the developing world. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to co

Modeling the Transmission of COVID-19: Impact of Mitigation Strategies in Prekindergarten-Grade 12 Public Schools, United States, 2021.

BACKGROUND: Schools are an integral part of the community; however, congregate settings facilitate transmission of SARS-CoV-2, presenting a … aring, cleaning and disinfection, hand hygiene, and social distancing; and (c) the effectiveness of contact tracing interventions at limiting onward transmission. RESULTS: Low impact and effectiveness of mitigation strategies (net effectiveness: 27%) result in approximately 40% of exposed staff and students becoming COVID-19 cases. When the net effectiveness of …

TB index case tracing in the Roma community in the Czech Republic.

Tuberculosis (TB) contact tracing and TB preventive treatment are key tools in preventing the transmission of TB with the aim of eliminating the disease. Our study seeks to demonstrate how the infection spread from an individual patient to the entire community and how proactive contact tracing facilitated prompt diagnosis and treatment. Our work was conducted as a retrospective analysis of the spread of TB infection within the Roma community in the Czech Republic, following the case of an index patient who succumbed to pulmonary TB. Several levels of care and preventive and treatment measures …

Оптимизация сроков объявления об окончании взрыва: болезнь вируса Эбола в Демократической Республике Конго.

После очевидного последнего случая вспышки вируса Эбола (ВИД) решение об объявлении этой вспышки должно сбалансировать социальные выгоды, связанные с ослаблением мер вмешательства, с риском ее возобновления. Оценки вероятности окончания разрыва (вероятность того, что в будущем не будет никаких случаев) дают количественные данные, которые могут служить основой для определения сроков представления заявления о прекращении разрыва. Существующий подход к моделированию для оценки вероятности выхода из кризиса требует наличия всеобъемлющих контактных данных с указанием того, кто будет инфицирован, но

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Following the apparent final case in an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, the decision to declare the outbreak over must balance societal … An existing modeling approach for estimating the end-of-outbreak probability requires comprehensive contact tracing data describing who infected whom to be available, but such data are often unavailable or incomplete during outbreaks. Here, we develop a Markov chain Monte Carlo-based approach that extends the previous method and does not require contact tracing d …

Rapid response and surveillance for high-risk contacts during May 2026 Andes hantavirus outbreak: a Northern Italy experience.

In May 2026, an outbreak of Andes hantavirus (ANDV) linked to the cruise ship MV Hondius prompted international contact tracing across multiple countries. Although population-level risk was low, the severity of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and limited evidence on person-to-person transmission supported precautionary management of selected contacts. Lombardy Region, Northern Italy, was notified of a contact-tracing chain involving four individuals: two direct flight-related contacts exposed to confirmed ANDV cases during international air travel and their two accompanying close contacts.…

Rapid Streptococcus Pneumonia Antigen Detection on Postmortem Urine in a Death Due to Pneumococcal Meningitis.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of adult bacterial meningitis. Differing from Neisseria meningitidis (the second most common cause of acute bacterial meningitis), contact tracing and chemoprophylaxis are not required. At postmortem, the differentiation between S. pneumoniae and N. meningitidis is traditionally done by culture and polymerase chain reaction performed on blood or cerebrospinal fluid, but may take hours, if not days, to analyze. We present a death from bacterial meningitis in a 73-year-old woman in which a rapid urinary pneumococcal antigen testing was able to identi…

Incidence of latent TB infection among hospital contacts in an intermediate-burden country.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the incidence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and conversion rate among hospital inpatients contacts using an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)-based contact tracing strategy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study at a 2,700-bed tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea. Data from January 2019 to December 2024 were reviewed. Contacts were recommended to undergo IGRA testing at the time of exposure (baseline) and again at ≥ 6 weeks later after exposure. RESULTS: A total of 109 index cases required contact tracing, yielding 902 contac…

Smallpox transmission and control: spatial dynamics in Great Britain.

Contingency planning for the possible deliberate reintroduction of smallpox has become a priority for many national public health organizati … dynamics for these illustrative scenarios and assessed the efficacy of symptomatic case isolation, contact tracing with vaccination, and reactive regional mass vaccination as policy options for control. We conclude that case isolation and contact tracing with vaccination would be sufficient to halt ongoing transmission rapidly, unless policy effectiveness was co …