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Exploring the mammalian sensory space: co-operations and trade-offs among senses.

The evolution of a particular sensory organ is often discussed with no consideration of the roles played by other senses. Here, we treat mammalian vision, olfaction and hearing as an interconnected whole, a three-dimensional sensory space, evolving in response to ecological challenges. Until now, there has been no quantitative method for estimating how much a particular animal invests in its different senses. We propose an anatomical measure based on sensory organ sizes. Dimensions of functional importance are defined and measured, and normalized in relation to animal mass. For 119 taxonomical

Development and Patterning of the Cochlea: From Convergent Extension to Planar Polarity.

Within the mammalian cochlea, sensory hair cells and supporting cells are aligned in curvilinear rows that extend along the length of the tonotopic axis. In addition, all of the cells within the epithelium are uniformly polarized across the orthogonal neural-abneural axis. Finally, each hair cell is intrinsically polarized as revealed by the presence of an asymmetrically shaped and apically localized stereociliary bundle. It has been known for some time that many of the developmental processes that regulate these patterning events are mediated, to some extent, by the core planar cell polarity

Octopamine-mediated neuronal plasticity in honeybees: implications for olfactory dysfunction in humans.

Biogenic amines, such as norepinephrine (in vertebrates) and octopamine (in invertebrates), have structural and functional similarities. These amines play crucial roles in animal behavior by modifying the synaptic output of relevant neurons. Increased levels of norepinephrine in the olfactory bulb preferentially increase mitral cell excitatory responses to olfactory nerve inputs, suggesting its critical role in modulating olfactory function including memory formation and/or recall of specific olfactory memories. Increased levels of octopamine in the antennal lobe play an important role in a re

Ontogeny of the head of the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti, Myxinoidea): development of the lateral line system.

The head of adult hagfishes (jawless craniates, Myxinoidea) of the family Eptatretidae displays a number of skin grooves of uncertain origin. These grooves have been homologized to the neuromast lines of other craniates, and they are innervated by two ganglionated cranial nerves that have been interpreted as lateral line nerves. The grooves do not, however, contain the compound receptors that are typical of a lateral line (i.e. neuromasts or electroreceptors), and both their development and function have remained enigmatic. To elucidate the embryonic origin of the grooves (which should develop

Development of lateral line organs in the axolotl.

Lateral line sensory receptors and their cranial nerves in axolotls arise from a dorsolateral series of placodes, including the octaval placode, that gives rise to the inner ear and the octaval nerve. Anterodorsal and anteroventral placodes occur rostral to the octaval placode and give rise to anterodorsal and anteroventral lateral line nerves and electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the snout, cheek, and lower jaw. Middle, supratemporal, and posterior placodes occur caudal to the octaval placode and give rise to similarly named lateral line nerves, electroreceptors and mechanoreceptors of

Whole-Mount Dissection of the Vestibular Complex and Quantification of Vestibular Ganglion Neurons in Mice.

The vestibular system is crucial for our sense of balance, for detecting head movements, and for regulating gaze and posture. There are five vestibular organs located inside the temporal bone, including two otolith organs (utricle and saccule), which detect linear movement, and three cristae (lateral/horizontal, anterior, and posterior), which detect rotational movement. Each organ contains a sensory epithelium with hair cells that detect head movements and supporting cells that provide structural support, release growth factors and cytokines, and phagocytose dying hair cells. The neurons that

Phosphate as a Signaling Molecule and Its Sensing Mechanism.

In mammals, phosphate balance is maintained by influx and efflux via the intestines, kidneys, bone, and soft tissue, which involves multiple sodium/phosphate (Na+/Pi) cotransporters, as well as regulation by several hormones. Alterations in the levels of extracellular phosphate exert effects on both skeletal and extra-skeletal tissues, and accumulating evidence has suggested that phosphate itself evokes signal transduction to regulate gene expression and cell behavior. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that an elevation in extracellular Pi activates fibroblast growth factor receptor,

Neither property right nor heroic gift, neither sacrifice nor aporia: the benefit of the theoretical lens of sharing in donation ethics.

Two ethical frameworks have dominated the discussion of organ donation for long: that of property rights and that of gift-giving. However, recent years have seen a drastic rise in the number of philosophical analyses of the meaning of giving and generosity, which has been mirrored in ethical debates on organ donation and in critical sociological, anthropological and ethnological work on the gift metaphor in this context. In order to capture the flourishing of this field, this article distinguishes between four frameworks for thinking about bodily exchanges in medicine: those of property rights

Post ingestive systemic nutrient sensing for whole-body homeostasis.

Systemic nutrient sensing is a fundamental process that aligns nutrient availability with an organism's metabolic demands. This mini-review explores nutrient sensors in the intestine, pancreas, portal vein, and the brain-organs that detect and convey nutrient status to other tissues via neuronal and hormonal signaling. Unlike oral taste receptors that sense external nutrient inputs, these nutrient sensors monitor post ingestive levels of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) and micronutrients (vitamins and essential trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc) within th

Testing the role of sensory systems in the migratory heading of a songbird.

The identification of the sensory cues and mechanisms by which migratory birds are able to reach the same breeding and wintering grounds year after year has eluded biologists despite more than 50 years of intensive study. While a number of environmental cues have been proposed to play a role in the navigation of birds, arguments still persist about which cues are essential for the experience based navigation shown by adult migrants. To date, few studies have tested the sensory basis of navigational cues used during actual migration in the wild: mainly laboratory based studies or homing during

Причины использования медицинских услуг до появления множественных склерозов: Общенациональное совпадающее исследование кохарта в Швеции.

СПРАВОЧНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: Данные свидетельствуют о том, что признаки и симптомы могут появиться за годы до начала клинического заболевания множественным склерозом (МС). Мы изучили использование вторичной медицинской помощи и лекарств до появления MS. МЕТОДЫ: Используя взаимосвязанные административные данные, мы проанализировали диагностированную неврологами клиническую когорту MS и определенную алгоритмом административную когорту в Швеции (см.2001-2019). Число лиц, имеющих MS (PwMS) five Компараторы, не входящие в СУ, в разбивке по полу, году рождения, месту проживания и продолжительности прожива

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests signs and symptoms may emerge years before the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated seco … es). In the 5 years pre-index, outpatient visits were 11%-73% higher among PwMS for disturbances of sense organs, nervous, musculoskeletal, digestive, and genitourinary systems, mental health/behavior, and ill-defined symptoms/signs, with visits related to sense organs elevated up to 6 years. Hospitalizations were often elevated in the year pre-index. Dispensa …

Fungi, hidden in soil or up in the air: light makes a difference.

Light is one of the most important environmental factors for orientation of almost all organisms on Earth. Whereas light sensing is of crucial importance in plants to optimize light-dependent energy conservation, in nonphotosynthetic organisms, the synchronization of biological clocks to the length of a day is an important function. Filamentous fungi may use the light signal as an indicator for the exposure of hyphae to air and adapt their physiology to this situation or induce morphogenetic pathways. Although a yes/no decision appears to be sufficient for the light-sensing function in fungi,

[Universal roles of the TRPA1 channel in oxygen-sensing].

Molecular oxygen suffices the ATP production required for the survival of us aerobic organisms. But it is also true that oxygen acts as a source of reactive oxygen species that elicit a spectrum of damages in living organisms. To cope with such intrinsic ambiguity of biological activity oxygen exerts, aerobic mechanisms are equipped with an exquisite adaptive system, which sensitively detects partial pressure of oxygen within the body and controls appropriate oxygen supply to the tissues. Physiological responses to hypoxia are comprised of the acute and chronic phases, in the former of which t

Mortality and Causes of Death Among Individuals With Keratoconus.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an increased risk of mortality among individuals with keratoconus. MET … ses of death, keratoconus cases had a higher mortality risk from diseases of the nervous system and sense organs compared with their matching controls (hazard ratio 1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.11; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of an increased risk of mortality among individuals with keratoconus. There may be an increased risk of dea …

Imidazole-Based Metal-Organic Materials: Chemistry Design via Metal Cations for Advanced Chemical Sensors.

Metal-organic frameworks are indispensable to enabling new technologies such as gas separation and chemical sensing application. However, achieving ultrasensitive and highly reliable MOF-based sensing materials faces fundamental challenges of high resistance and gas-sensitive inertness. Herein, a series of metal-organic materials (MOMs) constructed from 2-methylimidazole and different metal cations (M = Ag, Cu, Ni, Mn, Mo, etc.) were designed and synthesized for advanced chemical sensing applications. Their sensing properties and underlying mechanism are investigated by gas exposure/removal te

[Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis): current diagnostics and therapy].

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a common autoimmune thyroid disease with preference of female gender. The chronic thyroiditis is characterized by autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. With manifestation, there is often a subclinical hypothyroidism that finally progresses to a persistent hypothyroidism with typical clinical symptoms and the need of hormonal substitution in succession of the lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid. The ultrasound of the thyroid shows a hypoechogenic and inhomogeneous parenchyma. Autoimmune thyroiditis is frequently associated with autoimmune di

Role of the carotid body chemoreceptors in glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation in humans.

The carotid bodies (CBs) are multi-modal sensory organs located bilaterally at the bifurcation of the carotid artery and innervated by the carotid sinus nerve (Hering's nerve), a branch of the IX cranial nerve. While the CBs (or embryologically analogous structures) are well known as the dominant oxygen-sensing organ in vertebrates, in mammals there is evidence that the CBs may also sense glucose and temperature, and respond to circulating hormones and other factors. Additionally, the CBs likely participate in regulating baseline levels of sympathetic tone. In this brief review, we focus on th

Simultaneous real-time imaging of oxygen gradients and in vivo microbial community spatial organization in confined environments.

Microorganisms in nature are often found in porous confined environments (soils, sediments, or plant and animal tissues), self-organized in heterogeneous communities. Such an organization, resulting from complex interactions and self-generated steep chemical gradients, controls the emergent microbial community's ecological functions. The combination of microfluidics, fluorescent bacteria, and optical sensing can constitute a powerful tool to achieve new insights into these microbial dynamics. However, such a combination has remained challenging so far due to the limited compatibility of the cu

Self-DNA Exposure Induces Developmental Defects and Germline DNA Damage Response in Caenorhabditis elegans.

All organisms, from bacteria to mammals, sense and respond to foreign nucleic acids to fight infections in order to survive and preserve genome integrity across generations. The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved defence strategy. Complex organisms have developed various cellular processes to respond to and recognise not only infections, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but also to sense injury and tissue dysfunctions, i.e., damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mis-localized self-DNA can be sensed as DAMP by specific DNA-sensing pathways, and self

Recent advances in isatin-based chemosensors: A comprehensive review.

A comprehensive review presents an illuminating exploration of the vast potential of isatin, an easily accessible organic compound. This review is a valuable resource, offering a concise yet comprehensive account of the recent breakthroughs in isatin applications in medicinal chemistry, fluorescence sensing, and organic synthesis. Moreover, it dives into the exciting advancements in isatin-based chemosensors, demonstrating their remarkable ability to detect and recognize diverse cations and anions with exceptional precision. Researchers and scientists in the fields of sensing and organic chemi