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SUBJECT INDEX Volume 125 (JANUARY–JUNE, 2004)

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A Review of the Regulatory Challenges of Personalized Medicine.

Personalized medicine integrates genomics with clinical and familial histories, revolutionizing healthcare by tailoring treatments to individual patient characteristics. At its core, pharmacogenomics enables the customization of medication prescriptions based on genetic profiles, enhancing drug efficacy and safety. This precision medicine approach addresses disease diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, offering targeted therapies for conditions like autoimmune disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, and neoplastic conditions. Examples of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine include treatment fo

Ionic Plasticity: Common Mechanistic Underpinnings of Pathology in Spinal Cord Injury and the Brain.

The neurotransmitter GABA is normally characterized as having an inhibitory effect on neural activity in the adult central nervous system (CNS), which quells over-excitation and limits neural plasticity. Spinal cord injury (SCI) can bring about a modification that weakens the inhibitory effect of GABA in the central gray caudal to injury. This change is linked to the downregulation of the potassium/chloride cotransporter (KCC2) and the consequent rise in intracellular Cl- in the postsynaptic neuron. As the intracellular concentration increases, the inward flow of Cl- through an ionotropic GABA

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… Other neurological diseases such as cerebral palsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis can also cause spasticity. Spasticity can be detected and quantified using electrophysiological methods that examine the vigor of the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex). … It is the result of a variety of insults: diseases such as multiple sclerosis and multiple myeloma; injuries to extremities or the back; infections, such as shingles or syphilis; and various other factors such as long-term heavy alcohol consumption, cancer treatments, vitamin B deficiency, or thyroid …

SARS-CoV-2 Вакцины и множественный склероз: обновление.

В высшей степени заразная зоонозная болезнь коронавируса 2019 (В тыс.COVID-19), вызванной острым острым респираторным синдромом коронавируса 2 (В тыс.SARS-CoV-2), была объявлена пандемией Всемирной организацией здравоохранения в марте 11, 2020, и это привело к глобальному кризису в области здравоохранения с почти 777 million подтвержденные инфекции и более 7 million к ноябрю 10, 2024.1-3 Со временем появились различные варианты, при этом Омикрон и его подлинии доминировали над миром в прошлом. 3 Годы.4 Кроме того, растет число свидетельств, касающихся иммунной реакции SARS-CoV-2 вакцины, особе

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The highly contagious zoonosis coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- … ncreasing evidence regarding the immune response of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, especially for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving disease-modifying therapies. Hence, with this review, we aim to provide an updated overview and recommendations for clinical practice regarding MS and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, including efficacy and safety, SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccine he …

Воздействие метаболического синдрома на нейроинфламму и мозговой барьер.

Метаболический синдром, который включает диабет и ожирение. one из самых распространенных медицинских заболеваний. Она вызывает системное воспаление, приводящее к далеко идущим последствиям для тела, которое все еще обнаруживается. Neuropathology, вызванная метаболическим синдромом, часто является результатом повышения проницаемости кровеносного мозга (ББД). ББД, система, предназначенная для ограничения проникновения токсинов, иммунных клеток и патогенов в мозг, имеет жизненно важное значение для надлежащей нейронной функции. Местное и системное воспаление, вызванное ожирением или типом 2 Мели

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Metabolic syndrome, which includes diabetes and obesity, is one of the most widespread medical conditions. It induces systemic inflammation, … s the broader implications of neural inflammation, including its connection to Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and the gut microbiome.

Amyloidosis: a case series and review of the literature.

BackgroundSystemic amyloidosis is group of disorders characterized by the accumulation of insoluble proteins in tissues. The most common form of systemic amyloidosis is light chain amyloidosis, which results from the accumulation of misfolded immunoglobulins. The disease is progressive, with treatment targeted at the underlying plasma cell dyscrasia. Since essentially any organ system can be affected, the presentation is variable and delays in diagnosis are common. Given this diagnostic difficulty, we discuss four different manifestations of light chain amyloidosis.Case presentationsIn this ca

Male Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: An Underrepresented Endpoint in Toxicology Research.

Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is nearly ubiquitous in men of advancing age and exerts substantial physical, mental, social, and financial costs to society. While a large body of research is focused on the molecular, genetic, and epigenetic underpinnings of the disease, little research has been dedicated to the influence of environmental chemicals on disease initiation, progression, or severity. Despite a few recent studies indicating a potential developmental origin of male LUTD linked to chemical exposures in the womb, it remains a grossly understudied endpoint in toxicology research

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… Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia is common in men with spinal cord injuries or multiple sclerosis and has the capability to drive bladder decompensation, elevate pressure in the ureter and pelvis, and cause hydronephrosis, renal scarring and terminal kidney failure [ 173 , 174 ]. … Autonomic nervous system lesions (stroke, tumor, traumatic spinal cord injury, myelopathies due to cervico-arthrosis spina bifida), disseminated lesions (Parkinson’s disease, brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, meningo-encephalitis,) and peripheral neuropathies (diabetes mellitius) have all been identified …

Отологические проявления временных нарушений.

Фон/цели: Временное расстройство (ТМО) затрагивает треть взрослого населения и связано с отологическими симптомами. Эти симптомы часто недооцениваются первичными отологическими заболеваниями, что приводит к задержкам в диагностике и лечении. Цель этого обзора состоит в обобщении сообщаемых данных о распространенности, предлагаемых патофизиологических механизмов и стратегий управления отологическими проявлениями у пациентов с ТМР. Методы: Был проведен обзор литературы с использованием терминов MESH "временная болезнь сустава" и "отологические симптомы". Five Дополнительные обыски проводились с

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… Tinnitus can result from neurological conditions such as head injury, whiplash, multiple sclerosis, and vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma), which have been identified as potential contributors. …

Immune-Mediated Dermatoses in Patients with Haematological Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review.

Haematological malignancies induce important alterations of the immune system, which account for the high frequency of autoimmune complications observed in patients. Cutaneous immune-mediated diseases associated with haematological malignancies encompass a heterogeneous group of dermatoses, including, among others, neutrophilic and eosinophilic dermatoses, autoantibody-mediated skin diseases, vasculitis and granulomatous dermatoses. Some of these diseases, such as paraneoplastic pemphigus, are associated with an increased risk of death; others, such as eosinophilic dermatoses of haematological

Transplant oncology and anti-cancer immunosuppressants.

Organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention that enhances the quality of life for patients with end-stage organ failure. However, long-term immunosuppressive therapy is required to prevent allogeneic graft rejection, which inadvertently elevates the risk of post-transplant malignancies, especially for liver transplant recipients with a prior history of liver cancer. In response, the emerging field of transplant oncology integrates principles from oncology and immunology to improve outcomes for patients at high risk of tumor occurrence or recurrence following transplantation. Therefore,

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… Fingolimod hydrochloride FTY720, a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) analog derived from the ascomycete Cordyceps sinensis is a potent immunosuppressant widely used in clinical settings for the treatment of multiple sclerosis ( 129 ). … Fingolimod (FTY720): a recently approved multiple sclerosis drug based on a fungal secondary metabolite. J Nat Prod. (2011) 74:900–07. doi: 10.1021/np2000528 130. Han M, Liu X, Hailati S, Maihemuti N, Nurahmat N, Dilimulati D, et al. Pharmacological effects of FTY720 and its derivatives. …

Novel intriguing strategies attenuating to sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, is characterized by a deterioration of muscle quantity and quality leading to a gradual slowing of movement, a decline in strength and power, increased risk of fall-related injury, and, often, frailty. Since sarcopenia is largely attributed to various molecular mediators affecting fiber size, mitochondrial homeostasis, and apoptosis, the mechanisms responsible for these deleterious changes present numerous therapeutic targets for drug discovery. Resistance training combined with amino acid-containing supplements is often utilized to pre

Shifts in liver biopsy indications and histopathological diagnoses: A report from a tertiary care center in Türkiye.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite advances in non-invasive methods, liver biopsy remains essential for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning, and this study aimed to evaluate trends in its indications and pathological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1533 adult liver biopsies at a tertiary referral hospital (2000-2022) were retrospectively reviewed for indications and diagnoses. RESULTS: The annual number of liver biopsies performed remained stable over the last two decades (730 vs. 803; p=0.06). The mean patient age was 43±15 years, with 52% being female. The leading indications

The 48th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians - Oral Sessions (O009-O155).

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… Indications included multiple sclerosis (MS, 47.2%), systemic sclerosis (SSc, 28.6%), Crohn’s disease (CD, 11%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, 2.8%) and other ADs (10.4%). Graft source was PBSCs in 98% of cases, mainly mobilized with cyclophosphamide (Cy) and G-CSF ( n = 431). …

Disentangling the Complex Relationships Between Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer Through Polygenic Risk Scores: Evidence from a Large Prospective Study.

Although prior studies have reported a link between autoimmunity and carcinogenesis, the roles of genetic factors and potential mediators involved in this process remain elusive. We constructed disease-specific and combined polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for 6 common autoimmune diseases (AIDs) (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis [UC], and type 1 diabetes mellitus [T1D]) in the UK Biobank cohort. Compared to those without AID, AID patients at baseline had increased risks of overall cancer, hematological, digestive, and…

Alexithymia in multiple sclerosis: past, present and future.

Alexithymia denotes the "absence" of "words" for "emotion" and has its roots in the Greek words "a," "lexis," and "thymos." It is sometimes … urological diseases. Nevertheless, its mechanisms, assessment, and management remain overlooked. In multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, alexithymia seems to occur in up to 53% of patients. However, it remains understudied despite recent growing interest. In this mini review, we briefly reassess the prevalence, as well as the …

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Display Diminished Effector Capacity in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma.

Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis, and incidence is increasing rapidly in the Western world. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize bacterial metabolites and kill infected cells, yet their role in OAC is unknown. We aimed to elucidate the role of MAIT cells during cancer development by characterizing the frequency, phenotype, and function of MAIT cells in human blood and tissues, from OAC and its pre-malignant inflammatory condition Barrett's oesophagus (BO). Blood and tissues were phenotyped by flow cytometry and conditioned media

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… Mucosal-associated invariant T Cells in multiple sclerosis: the jury is still out . Front Immunol. ( 2015 ) 6 : 503 . 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00503 26483793 PMC4588106 12. Willing A Jäger J Reinhardt S Kursawe N Friese MA . … Production of IL-17 by MAIT cells is increased in multiple sclerosis and is associated with IL-7 receptor expression . J Immunol . ( 2018 ) 200 : 974 – 82 . 10.4049/jimmunol.1701213 29298833 13. …

Скачок диагноза: доклад по делу о паранеопластической ретинопатии, маскирующейся как синдром белой точки.

Цель этого исследования состояла в том, чтобы сообщить о редком случае предполагаемой паранеопластической ретинопатии у пациента с множественным склерозом, который первоначально представил клинические результаты, указывающие на синдром белых точек. В настоящем докладе описывается сложное нейро-офтальмическое представление, в котором первоначальные диагностические соображения были пересмотрены для достижения окончательного диагноза. 46-летняя женщина с прошлым медицинским прошлым множественным склерозом, с постепенно ухудшающимся зрением в левом глазу, центральным слепым пятном и визуальными на

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This study aimed to report a rare case of presumed paraneoplastic retinopathy in a patient with multiple sclerosis who initially presented with clinical findings suggestive of white dot syndrome. This report describes a complex neuro-ophthalmic presentation where initial diagnostic considerations were reframed to reach the final diagnosis. A 46-year-old fema…

Systemic mastocytosis - a diagnostic challenge.

Mastocytosis refers to a group of disorders characterized by the infiltration of clonally derived mast cells to the skin or extracutaneous tissues resulting in a heterogeneous clinical picture. It is a rare hematologic disorder in all its forms. The exact incidence is unknown; it affects patients of any age and males and females equally. Its molecular pathogenesis is incompletely understood. The clinical features of mastocytosis result from both chronic and episodic mast cell mediator release, signs and symptoms arising from diffuse or focal tissue infiltration, and, occasionally, the presence

Imaging for Plasma Cell Dyscrasias: What, When, and How?

Imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis, response assessment, and follow-up of patients with plasma cell bone disease. The radiologic diagnostic paradigm has thus far evolved with developing technology and availability of better imaging platforms; however, the skewed availability of these imaging modalities in developed vis-à-vis the developing countries along with the lack of uniformity in reporting has led to a consensus on the imaging criteria for diagnosing and response assessment in plasma cell dyscrasia. Therefore, it is imperative for not only the radiologists but also the treating

Natural Killer Cells: Angels and Devils for Immunotherapy.

In recent years, the relevance of the immune system to fight cancer has led to the development of immunotherapy, including the adoptive cell transfer of immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-modified T cells. The discovery of donor NK cells' anti-tumor activity in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) was the trigger to conduct many clinical trials infusing NK cells. Surprisingly, many of these studies did not obtain optimal results, suggesting that many different NK cell parameters combined with

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… Granzyme K promotes a pro-inflammatory response with production of TNF-α, IL6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, is elevated sepsis, and also is released against activated T cells in multiple sclerosis [ 104 , 105 , 106 ]. … Unexpected role for granzyme K in CD56bright NK cell-mediated immunoregulation of multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 2011;187:781–790. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100789. 107. Santiago L., Menaa C., Arias M., Martin P., Jaime-Sanchez P., Metkar S., Comas L., Erill N., Gonzalez-Rumayor V., Esser E., et al. …