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The serotoninergic system of the brain of the viper, Vipera aspis. An immunohistochemical study.

Serotoninergic cell bodies and fibers in the brain of the viper, Vipera aspis, were visualized by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactive cell … hlear nerve. Immunoreactive fibers are widely distributed throughout the brain of the viper. In the olfactory bulb, fibers were observed in the internal plexiform layer and mitral cell layer. The cerebral cortex contains the highest density of fibers in the dorsal region. The distribution of immunoreactive fibers in the dorsal ventricular ridge is extremely hete …

GABAergic neuronal ontogeny in the central nervous system of the viviparous teleost Poecilia sphenops.

The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays essential roles in vertebrate neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine regulation. Howe … and broader neuronal and fibre differentiation occurring during later juvenile stages, whereas the olfactory bulb showed a complete absence of GABAergic immunoreactivity at birth, with GABAergic elements emerging only during juvenile development. Inferior lobe and gustatory hindbrain nuclei retained early and persistent GABA-ir populations, whereas hypophysiotr …

Age-related alterations in the expression of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor in the brain and their impact on neurobehavioral functions.

Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a neurotrophic protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and pivotal … d MANF expression was found in aged mice across several brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebellum. There was a sex difference in MANF levels in aged mice. Aging also altered the expression of UPR and MANF interacting proteins. Using cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC)-specific MANF deficient mice, w …

SARS-CoV-2-associated T-cell infiltration in the central nervous system.

OBJECTIVES: Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although … associated T cells are found in almost all brain areas of patients with fatal COVID-19 courses. The olfactory bulb, medulla and cerebellum were brain regions showing the most SARS-CoV-2 specific sequence patterns. Neuropathological workup demonstrated primary CD8+ T-cell infiltration with a perivascular infiltration pattern. CONCLUSION: Future research is neede …

A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Integrated Study on Brain Functional Changes in a Neuropathic Pain Rat Model.

Human and animal imaging studies demonstrated that chronic pain profoundly alters the structure and the functionality of several brain regio … ks after injury. There are significant changes in the activity of the left thalamus (Th_L) and left olfactory bulb (OB_L) brain regions after SNI, as evidenced by both the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal and c-Fos expression. Importantly, these changes were closely related to mechanical pain behavior of rats. However, it is worth noting that after mor …

A conserved molecular logic for neurogenesis to gliogenesis switch in the cerebral cortex.

During development, neural stem cells in the cerebral cortex, also known as radial glial cells (RGCs), generate excitatory neurons, followed by production of cortical macroglia and inhibitory neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB). Understanding the mechanisms for this lineage switch is fundamental for unraveling how proper numbers of diverse neuronal and glial cell types are controlled. We and others recently showed that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling promotes the cortical RGC lineage switch to generate cortical oligodendrocytes and OB interneurons. During this process, cortical RGCs…

3-месячная модель неонатального ревуса макака HFMD, вызванная коксакевирусной инфекцией B1 и вирусным тканевым тропизмом.

Коксакивирус B1 (CVB1), энтеровирус с многочисленными клиническими представлениями, связан с потенциальными долгосрочными последствиями, включая болезни рук, ног и рта (HFMD), у некоторых пациентов. Однако соответствующие модели животных, динамика передачи и долгосрочный тканевой трпизм CVB1 не были систематически описаны. В ходе этого исследования мы разработали модель респираторной инфекции CVB1 у ресусовых макаков и провели оценку клинических симптомов, вирусной нагрузки и иммунного уровня в острой фазе (0-14 дней) и долгосрочной стадии восстановления (15-30 дней). Мы также изучали распрост

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1), an enterovirus with multiple clinical presentations, has been associated with potential long-term consequences, in … antibodies. Autopsy revealed positive viral loads in the heart, spleen, pancreas, soft palate, and olfactory bulb tissues. HE staining demonstrated pathological damage to the liver, spleen, lung, soft palate, and tracheal epithelium. At 30 d.p.i., viral antigens were detected in visceral, immune, respiratory, and muscle tissues but not in intestinal or neural t …

Characterisation and natural progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the infectious disease COVID-19, which has rapidly become an … . Infectious SARS-CoV-2 was recovered from nasal washes, oral swabs, nasal turbinates, pharynx, and olfactory bulb samples within 3-7 days post-challenge; however, only viral RNA was detected by qRT-PCR in samples collected from the trachea, lung, and parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Viral antigen was seen exclusively in nasal epithelium and associated sloug …

Microgliosis and neuronal proteinopathy in brain persist beyond viral clearance in SARS-CoV-2 hamster model.

BACKGROUND: Neurological symptoms such as cognitive decline and depression contribute substantially to post-COVID-19 syndrome, defined as la … protein. FINDINGS: Viral protein in the nasal cavity led to pronounced microglia activation in the olfactory bulb beyond viral clearance. Cortical but not hippocampal neurons accumulated hyperphosphorylated tau and alpha-synuclein, in the absence of overt inflammation and neurodegeneration. Importantly, not all brain regions were affected, which is in line with …

Exaggerated hypoxic vascular breakdown in aged brain due to reduced microglial vasculo-protection.

In a recent study of young mice, we showed that chronic mild hypoxia (CMH, 8% O2 ) triggers transient blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and that microglia play an important vasculo-protective function in maintaining BBB integrity. As hypoxia is a common component of many age-related diseases, here we extended these studies to aged mice and found that hypoxia-induced vascular leak was greatly amplified (5-fold to 10-fold) in aged mice, being particularly high in the olfactory bulb and midbrain. While aged mice showed no obvious difference in the early stages of hypoxic angiogenic remodeling…

Organization of serotonergic system in Sphaerotheca breviceps (Dicroglossidae) tadpole brain.

The monoaminergic neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is known to be involved in several physiological, behavioural and neuroendocrine functions in vertebrates. In this study, we investigated the distribution of 5-HT neuronal system in the central nervous system (CNS) of Sphaerotheca breviceps tadpoles at metamorphic climax stage. In the telencephalon, there was no 5-HT-immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) perikarya, but conspicuous fibres were observed in the olfactory bulb, pallium, subpallium and amygdala complexes. The preoptic area showed dense 5-HT-ir somata and cerebrospinal fluid contactin…

Transcriptome profiling of five brain regions in a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, and its pathogenesis is unclear. Previous studies mainly focus on the lesions of substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (Str) in PD. However, lesions are not limited. The olfactory bulb (OB), subventricular zone (SVZ), and hippocampus (Hippo) are also affected in PD. AIM: To reveal gene expression changes in the five brain regions (OB, SVZ, Str, SN, and Hippo), and to look for potential candidate genes and pathways that may be correlated with the pathogenesis of PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We established control group and 6-hydr…

[Therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease: targeting zinc-binding protein in astrocytes].

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor symptoms, such as tremor, akinesia/bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability due to a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons; PD patients also exhibit non-motor symptoms, such as hyposmia, orthostatic hypotension and constipation, which precede motor symptoms. Pathologically, Lewy bodies and neurites, which contains α-synuclein, are observed in the central and peripheral nervous system. To date, it is hypothesized that PD pathology appears first in the olfactory bulb and the enteric nervous system, and pro…

Effect of Sensory Deprivation of Nasal Respiratory on Behavior of C57BL/6J Mice.

Nasal breathing is a dynamic cortical organizer involved in various behaviors and states, such as locomotion, exploration, memory, emotion, … an important insight into the behavioral impacts of patients with anosmia or those with an impaired olfactory bulb (OB) (e.g., in COVID-19, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.).

Pathogenesis of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in the Central Nervous System of Mice.

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes myeloencephalopathy in horses and occasionally in non-equid species. Although mouse models have been … perivascular cuffing composed of CD3+ cells (T cells) and Iba-1+ cells (macrophages), mainly in the olfactory bulb and ventral portions of the brain. In these areas, moderate numbers of neuroglial cells expressed CCL5 and CCL2 chemokines. Numerous neurons, including those in less affected areas, were immunolabeled for cleaved caspase-3. In conclusion, neurovirul …

Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Alters Glymphatic Clearance Rates in Limbic Structures of Adolescent Female Rats.

The glymphatic system is the macroscopic waste clearance system for the central nervous system. Glymphatic dysfunction has been linked to se … efflux was observed throughout limbic structures (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala) and the olfactory bulb but neither the influx or efflux were altered in the cortical structures (primary motor cortex, insular cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) examined. This may indicate a role for an impaired and/or inefficient glymphatic system in the limbic …

The amino acid transporter Slc7a5 regulates the mTOR pathway and is required for granule cell development.

Pathogenic mutations in the solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5) gene, which encodes an amino acid transporter cause microcephaly and s … 5 is required for development is unclear. Here, subventricular zone neural stem cells that generate olfactory bulb granule cell neurons were electroporated with SLC7A5 or Slc7a5 short hairpin RNA encoding plasmids. Although early phases of neural development were unaltered, Slc7a5 knockdown effected late phases of GC dendrite maturation and survival. Slc7a5 knoc …

Brain Imaging of Patients with COVID-19: Findings at an Academic Institution during the Height of the Outbreak in New York City.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A large spectrum of neurologic disease has been reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infect … ndings; notable findings included 6 cases of cranial nerve abnormalities (including 4 patients with olfactory bulb abnormalities) and 3 patients with a microhemorrhage pattern compatible with critical illness-associated microbleeds. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience confirms the wide range of neurologic imaging findings in patients with COVID-19 and suggests the need …

One water-soluble polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves with antidepressant activities via modulation of the gut microbiome.

Depression, a mental illness characterized by persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest, has been a serious health problem worldwid … otonin and dopamine levels in multiple brain regions including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb, relative to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) treatment mice. GPS treatment could alleviate the stress-induced reduction in the density of serotonin-positive and dopamine-positive cells. Fecal microbiome transplant (FMT) combined with antibi …

Zika Virus Fatally Infects Wild Type Neonatal Mice and Replicates in Central Nervous System.

Zika virus (ZIKV) has been defined as a teratogenic pathogen behind the increased number of cases of microcephaly in French Polynesia, Brazi … nervous system (CNS) including gray matter, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord, but not olfactory bulb. Interestingly, ZIKV replicated in multiple organs and resulted in pathogenesis in liver and testis, implying that ZIKV infection may engender a high health risk in neonates by postnatal infection. In summary, we investigated ZIKV pathogenesis using …