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Hypothesis: Multiple sclerosis is caused by three-hits, strictly in order, in genetically susceptible persons.

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, progressive and debilitating neurological disease which, despite extensive study for over 100 years, remains of enigmatic aetiology. Drawn from the epidemiological evidence, there exists a consensus that there are environmental (possibly infectious) factors that contribute to disease pathogenesis that have not yet been fully elucidated. Here we propose a three-tiered hypothesis: 1) a clinic-epidemiological model of multiple sclerosis as a rare late complication of two sequential infections (with the temporal sequence of infections being important); 2) a proposa…

Распространение и распространенность множественных склерозов в Болгарии.

Множественный склероз (MS) является хроническим, подстрекательским, аутоиммунным, демиелинизирующим и нейродегенеративным заболеванием центральной нервной системы, которое в первую очередь затрагивает молодых, активных людей и является одной из основных причин нетравматического и необратимого неврологического дефицита. Множественный склероз one из наиболее изученных заболеваний в нейроэпидемиологии, для которых характерно неравномерное географическое распределение по всему миру. ЦЕЛЬ: Оценить распространенность и распространенность множественных склерозов в Болгарии и их распределение по возра

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that primarily affects young, active people and is a leading cause of non-traumatic, irreversible neurological deficit. Multiple sclerosis is one of the most studied diseases in neuroepidemiology and is charact…

Expression of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1) by Spinal Cord Astrocytes in Mice with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Immunofluorescence analysis was used to study the expression pattern of macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) in spinal cord cells in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis). Marked upregulation of CSF-1+ signal was observed in spinal cord astrocytes in both acute and chronic stages of the disease. These findings suggest a potential role for CSF-1 in the pathogenesis and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis/multiple sclerosis.

Sarcoidosis triggered by interferon-Beta treatment of multiple sclerosis: a case report and focused literature review.

OBJECTIVES: To report a rare case of sarcoidosis induced by chronic interferon-beta (a type I interferon) therapy of multiple sclerosis and to review previously reported cases. METHODS: We describe a patient with a prior diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, who developed noncaseating granulomas in her skin and pulmonary lymph nodes, consistent with sarcoidosis, while being treated with recombinant interferon-beta. A retrospective review of the literature was performed using the PubMed database. RESULTS: In our patient, sarcoidosis developed after 3 years of continuous recombinant interferon-beta…

Multiple brain networks support processing speed abilities of patients with multiple sclerosis.

Objectives: Many people affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) experience cognitive impairment, especially decreases in information processing speed (PS). Neural disconnection is thought to represent the neural marker of this symptom, although the role played by alterations of specific functional brain networks still remains unclear. The aim is to investigate and compare patterns of association between PS-demanding cognitive performance and functional connectivity across two MS phenotypes. Methods: Forty patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 25 with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) had n…

Association of cerebrospinal fluid levels of lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS) with disease activity in multiple sclerosis.

IMPORTANCE: Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally considered an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, axonal degeneration through Nogo receptor-1 signaling was recently recognized as an important pathological feature. Our previous identification of lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS), an endogenous Nogo receptor-1 antagonist, prompted us to analyze the relationship between LOTUS levels of cerebrospinal fluid and the clinical course of MS to evaluate whether LOTUS could be a useful biomarker for MS. OBJECTIVE: To examine variations in LOTUS concen…

Оценка роли объемной информации о мозге в множестве склерозов.

Множественный склероз — хроническое аутоиммунное заболевание, которое влияет на центральную нервную систему. Понимание множественных склерозов и выявление связанных с ними структур мозга имеют решающее значение для индивидуализированных решений о лечении. В морфометрии, основанной на деформации, используется анатомическая магнитная резонансная визуализация для количественной оценки объемных изменений мозга на уровне вокселя, что дает представление о том, как каждая область мозга способствует клинической прогрессии в отношении нейродегенерации. Используя такие данные на уровне воксела, полученн

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Understanding multiple sclerosis progression and identifying the implicated brain structures is crucial for personalized treatment decisions. Deformation-based morphometry utilizes anatomical magnetic resonance imaging to quantitatively assess volumetric brain changes…

From measurement to biomarker trajectories: platform-agnostic Z score analysis of serum NfL and GFAP in ocrelizumab-treated multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) are promising multiple sclerosis (MS) biomarkers, but biological confounding and inter-assay variability limit real-world use. We assessed whether Z score normalisation enables platform-agnostic monitoring in people with MS (pwMS) under ocrelizumab, and which early timepoint best stratifies subsequent biomarker trajectories. METHODS: This pooled multicentre analysis of three German cohorts included pwMS treated with ocrelizumab for ≥ 12 months. Elecsys® or Simoa® assays were harmonised using covaria…

[Effectiveness and tolerance of azathioprine as first-line treatment for multiple sclerosis: a case study from Morocco].

INTRODUCTION: the purpose of our study is to evaluate the efficacy of azathioprine as first-line treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) or progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS), who were supposed to be treated with beta-interferons but, due to limited resources, received azathioprine instead. METHOD: among the 31 patients, 17 had relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 11 had primary progressive MS (PPMS), and 3 had secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Patients received azathioprine orally at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day over 2 years. The effect of azathioprine was assessed using…

Alterations of the gut ecological and functional microenvironment in different stages of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, generally starts as the relapsing remitting form (RRMS), but often shifts into secondary progressive MS (SPMS). SPMS represents a more advanced stage of MS, characterized by accumulating disabilities and refractoriness to medications. The aim of this study was to clarify the microbial and functional differences in gut microbiomes of the different stages of MS. Here, we compared gut microbiomes of patients with RRMS, SPMS, and two closely related disorders with healthy controls (HCs) by 16S rRNA gene and whole metagen…

Anxiety disorders and their clinical correlates in multiple sclerosis patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence rates and clinical correlates of anxiety disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Demographic and neurological data were collected on 140 consecutive clinic attendees, and their lifetime and point prevalences of anxiety disorders were determined with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV disorders (SCID-IV). All subjects completed the self-report Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Suicidal intent was rated with the Beck Suicide Scale (BSS), psychosocial stressors and supports were quantified with Social Stress and Support I…

An MRI study of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in Italian multiple sclerosis patients.

We amplified sequences of the Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) major-outer membrane protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 23 of 107 (21.5%) relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and two of 77 (2.6%) patients with other neurological diseases (OND) (P = 0.00022). CP+ patients showed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of more active disease (P = 0.02) compared to CP- MS patients and tended to have an anticipation of age at disease onset (32.3 +/- 12 versus 28.5 +/- 10 years; P = ns) causing a longer disease duration (7.5 +/- 5 versus 4.4 +/- 4 years…

Protease-activated receptor-1 activation by granzyme B causes neurotoxicity that is augmented by interleukin-1β.

BACKGROUND: The cause of neurodegeneration in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis is unknown. We investigated the impact of specific neuroinflammatory markers on human neurons to identify potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection against chronic inflammation. METHODS: Surface immunocytochemistry directly visualized protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptors on neurons in human postmortem cortex in patients with and without neuroinflammatory lesions. Viability of cultured neurons was determined after exposure to cerebrospinal fluid from patients with pr…

TSPO-PET-measurable neuroinflammation associates with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: In neurodegenerative conditions, neuroaxonal damage and tissue destruction lead to central nervous system atrophy. In multiple sclerosis (MS), widespread glial activation can contribute to disease progression and nervous tissue destruction. We aimed to assess the cross-sectional association between brain atrophy and diffuse glial activation. METHODS: One-hundred-and-twenty-eight participants with MS (92 relapsing-remitting and 36 progressive MS) and 73 healthy controls (HC) underwent brain MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) using 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO)-binding …

BCL3, GBP1, IFI16, and CCR1 as potential brain-derived biomarkers for parietal grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, progressing from Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) to Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS) in many cases. The transition involves complex biological changes. Our study aims to identify potential biomarkers for distinguishing SPMS by analyzing gene expression differences between normal-appearing and lesioned parietal grey matter, which may also contribute to understand the pathogenesis of SPMS. We utilized public datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), applying bioinformatics and machine learning techniques i…

Учебный протокол: Исследовательный эксперимент на базе осмотина в качестве адъютанта для лечения прогрессивного множественного склероза.

ЦЕЛЬ: Множественный склероз (MS) является первой причиной нетравматических неврологических расстройств у молодых людей. Первичные и вторичные прогрессивные MS по-прежнему не имеют эффективных методов лечения. Недавно был разработан новый продукт, изготовленный из листьев листьев биоинженерных киви (Actinidia deliciosa), перевыражающих осмотин. Осмотин — белок, связанный с адаптацией к стрессу в растительных клетках, и он обладает противовоспалительными и нейрозащитными свойствами с адипонектином млекопитающих. Цель этого исследования заключается в изучении вопроса о безопасности и эффективност

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the first cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults. Primary and secondary progressive MS are still lacking effective treatments. A new nutraceutical product made of lyophilised leaves of bioengineered kiwi plants (Actinidia deliciosa) overexpressing osmotin has recently been developed. Osmotin is a…

Cycling in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (CYPRO): study protocol for a randomized controlled superiority trial evaluating the effects of high-intensity interval training in persons with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is the least prevalent multiple sclerosis (MS) phenotype. For persons with PPMS (pwPPMS), pharmacological treatment options are limited. As a complementary non-pharmacological treatment, endurance training improves the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), numerous MS symptoms, and MS-related performance impediments. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to induce superior effects compared to moderate-intensity continuous training (MCT). As current evidence is based on MS samples with mixed phenotypes, generalizabilit…

The role of multiple sclerosis subtype in microvascular decompression outcomes for patients with trigeminal neuralgia.

OBJECTIVES: While patients with concomitant trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are understood to experience a more intractable pain phenotype, whether TN pain outcomes differ by the presenting MS subtype is not well characterized. This study's objective is to compare post-operative pain and numbness outcomes following microvascular decompression (MVD) in TN patients with either relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) or progressive MS. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all TN patients who underwent MVDs at our institution from 2007 to 2020. Of the 1044 patients reviewed, 45 (4.3%)…

[The three-year follow-up study of retinal changes in patients with multiple sclerosis].

AIM: To evaluate the ganglion cell complex (GCC) changes in projection to the state of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 216 participants (370 eyes) were studied. Patients were divided into three groups: 1-st - 87 MS patients (121 eyes) with a history of optic neuritis (ON); 2-nd - 95 MS patients (186 eyes) without a history of ON; 3-rd - disease-free control 34 volunteers (63 eyes). Thirty-two MS patients (61 eyes) from the cross-sectional cohort were included for longitudinal analysis, follow-up period was 30 (9.5…