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Dissociating effect of salivary gland extract from Ixodes ricinus on human fibroblasts: Potential impact on Borrelia transmission.

Understanding the mechanism of pathogen transmission is essential for the development of strategies to reduce arthropod-borne diseases. The … mass spectrometry, followed by in vitro assays on human skin cells. Histone H4 isolated from Ixodes ricinus salivary gland extract was identified as a molecule with a dissociating effect on human primary fibroblasts. This histone might be involved in the formation of the feeding pool formed around the tick mouthparts and responsible of tissue necrosis in …

Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks from three islands in north-western Norway.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important viral tick-borne disease in Europe and can cause severe disease in humans. In Norway, human cases have been reported only from the southern coast. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from the north-western part of Norway. A total of 4509 ticks were collected by flagging in May and June 2014. A subpopulation of 2220 nymphs and 162 adult ticks were analysed by real-time PCR and positive samples were confirmed by pyrosequencing. The estimated prevalence …

Detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus in I. ricinus ticks collected from autumn migratory birds in Latvia.

Birds have a potential of spreading ticks via bird migration routes. In this study, we screened 170 ticks removed during autumn 2010 from 55 birds belonging to 10 species for the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). In total, TBEV RNA was detected in 14% of I. ricinus tick samples obtained from different birds species. The results of this study indicate the possible role of migrating birds in the dispersal of TBEV-infected ticks along the southward migration route.

Распространение и генетическая изменчивость вируса энцефалита, переносимого клещами, в иксодовом рикоде в северной Италии.

Энцефалит (TBE) — серьезное заболевание, которое носит эндемический характер на северо-востоке Италии с 1992 года. За последние два десятилетия во многих европейских странах, включая Италию, увеличилось число зарегистрированных случаев заболевания людьми. Для оценки нынешнего риска заражения ТБЭ были собраны пробные клещи на известном сайте TBE foci, а также на участке в северной части Италии, где ранее не сообщалось ни о каких заболеваниях человека. Было собрано и проанализировано 1739 иксодовых рикодов (1485 имфлей и 254 взрослых) на предмет распространенности ТБЭВ в режиме реального времени

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe disease that has been endemic in north-east Italy since 1992. Over the past two decades, there has … e in northern Italy where no human infections have been reported previously. A total of 1739 Ixodes ricinus (1485 nymphs and 254 adults) was collected and analysed for TBEV prevalence by a real-time RT-PCR targeting the 3' untranslated region. Phylogenetic analyses of the partial envelope gene were conducted on two newly sequenced TBE virus (TBEV) strains …

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in larval Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) feeding on blackbirds in northwestern Italy.

Birds belonging to 59 species (n = 1,206) were live captured in Piemonte, northwestern Italy, in 2001. Ixodes ricinus (L.) larvae were collected from 59 birds belonging to nine species, and nymphs were recovered on 79 birds belonging to 10 species. Eurasian blackbirds, Turdus merula L., had significantly higher levels of infestation by ticks than other passerine species. Larval I. ricinus of blackbirds peaked in summer, when prevalence was 39% (95% confidence interval 24.2-55.5) and mean number of ticks per host was 3.3 (1.6-7.2), whereas nymphs peaked in spring, when prevalence was 72.2% (54.…

Persistence and transmission of tick-borne viruses: Ixodes ricinus and louping-ill virus in red grouse populations.

The population dynamics of tick-borne disease agents and in particular the mechanisms which influence their persistence are examined with re … lly important mechanism for virus persistence but has not been recorded with louping-ill and Ixodes ricinus. The influence of non-viraemic hosts, both in the multiplication of vectors and the amplification of virus through non-viraemic transmission are considered significant for virus persistence.

Ultrastructural differences among spirochetes isolated from patients with Lyme disease and related disorders, and from Ixodes ricinus.

Previous studies on cells of strains B31 isolated in the U.S.A. from Ixodes dammini and strain G25 isolated in Sweden from Ixodes ricinus, showed that their ultrastructure was similar, but not identical. For this reason the studies were extended to spirochetes isolated directly from patients with Lyme disease and related disorders. Included in the present study were three strains isolated from skin, blood and spinal fluid, respectively, from patients with Lyme disease, two strains from patients with erythema chronicum migrans and one strain from a patient with acrodermatitis chronica atrophica…

Immunity of dogs against Babesia canis, its vector tick Dermacentor reticulatus, and Ixodes ricinus in endemic area.

Previous epidemiological studies allowed us to accurately define endemic areas of canine babesiosis and tick distribution in southeastern France (Martinod, 1983). Using a micro-ELISA test 100 dogs sera were tested with 3 antigens: Babesia canis, Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus. Antibodies against B. canis and its vector D. reticulatus were detected in an endemic area, sometimes with high levels (optical density 1.38 and 0.80 respectively). A correlation factor and regression lines were found between ELISA activity of B. canis and vector tick antigens, even for dogs which never showe…

Marker stability of the Skalica strain (from the tick-borne encephalitis complex) propagated in Ixodes ricinus ticks.

Ixodes ricinus larvae from the laboratory breed were infected on viraemic suckling mice inoculated with the Skalica strain from the tick-borne encephalitis complex. The strain recovered from individual nymphs on days 39 and 54 after metamorphosis had the markers (ic+, sc-, t-, v-) identical with the original Skalica strain.

Mouse blood protein survives degradation in Ixodes ricinus ticks after moulting and starvation for up to five months.

BACKGROUND: The alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS) is characterized by a delayed allergic response to mammalian meat and by-products. Numerous studies have confirmed that hard ticks are the source of α-Gal sensitization. However, the source of the α-Gal carrying sensitizing molecules remains controversial as α-Gal could either originate from endogenous production or residual host blood proteins. OBJECTIVE: To study the kinetics of host blood protein degradation in fully engorged Ixodes ricinus larvae upon prolonged starvation after moulting into nymphs. METHOD: 1200 I. ricinus larvae were fed on BALB/…

Spatiotemporal and tissue-specific dynamics of bacterial communities in adult female Ixodes ricinus during a four-year period.

INTRODUCTION: The hard tick Ixodes ricinus serves as vector for life-threatening tick-borne diseases (TBDs) such as Lyme borreliosis, relapsing fever, and tick-borne encephalitis. Due to the ticks` ability to adjust to climate changes, their habitat is expanding quickly across Europe, and the incidences of TBD´s are increasing. Therefore, to better understand and control TBDs it is essential to expand the knowledge about the ticks´ microbiome, particularly the spatiotemporal and tissue-specific dynamics of I. ricinus bacterial community. This study was designed to investigate the differences i…

A natural barrier: tick-repellent potential of a spruce-derived volatile blend against Hyalomma excavatum and Ixodes ricinus.

Ixodes ricinus and Hyalomma excavatum are two widely dispersed vectors of pathogens, including those that cause Lyme disease and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the human population. Recently developed, plant-derived, mosquito-repellent blends have shown promise against other vector clades, and this study assesses these blends as potential tick repellents. Blends of (+)-borneol, bornyl acetate, eugenol, isoeugenol and camphor were assessed in two formats: blends 3 and 4. Ticks were assessed using the moving object bioassay (Ixodes) or a dual-choice behavioural assay (Hyalomma). Both blends…

Prevalence of Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii Genospecies in Ixodes ricinus Ticks Collected from Three Regions in Bulgaria.

The tick species Ixodes ricinus is the most widely distributed throughout Europe and serves as the primary vector for the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), which is responsible for Lyme borreliosis. The present study evaluated the prevalence of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) in I. ricinus ticks using nPCR amplification. Ticks were collected from three geographical regions in Bulgaria: the Black Sea Coast in the east, the Pleven region in the north, and the Stara Zagora region in the central south. This study focused on urban and peri-urban areas, including heavily traveled trails in pa…

Infestation of dairy cows by ticks Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius, 1794) and Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) in eastern Poland.

Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus are widely distributed tick species in Europe. The main hosts for immature stadia of these ticks are small rodents, mostly the genera Apodemus and Microtus, whereas for adult specimens – wild ungulates. These species of ticks are also found on companion and breeding animals including dairy cows. Researches were conducted in the eastern Poland from 2013 to 2014. During consecutive days bodies of cows grazing on the pasture were surveyed and all ticks were collected. Simultaneously ticks were collected from plants with flagging method. Significant prepo…

Habitat properties are key drivers of Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.) prevalence in Ixodes ricinus populations of deciduous forest fragments.

BACKGROUND: The tick Ixodes ricinus has considerable impact on the health of humans and other terrestrial animals because it transmits several tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) such as B. burgdorferi (sensu lato), which causes Lyme borreliosis (LB). Small forest patches of agricultural landscapes provide many ecosystem services and also the disservice of LB risk. Biotic interactions and environmental filtering shape tick host communities distinctively between specific regions of Europe, which makes evaluating the dilution effect hypothesis and its influence across various scales challenging. Latitud…

Morphological anomalies in Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes inopinatus collected from tick-borne encephalitis natural foci in Central Europe.

In 2015, 0.02% nymphs displayed anomalies (ectromely) out of the 6744 collected ticks as part of a tick-borne encephalitis program in Germany. In 2016, questing Ixodes ricinus (n = 14,527) and Ixodes inopinatus (n = 75) ticks were collected by flagging as part of a tick-borne encephalitis program in Germany, Slovakia and Denmark. A total of 278 (1.9%) out of 14,602 nymph and adult ticks showed morphological anomalies. The anomalies were divided into general anomalies (body asymmetry) and local anomalies (anomalies of appendages, malformation of capitulum, exoskeleton anomalies and anal groove …

Tick-borne pathogens induce differential expression of genes promoting cell survival and host resistance in Ixodes ricinus cells.

BACKGROUND: There has been an emergence and expansion of tick-borne diseases in Europe, Asia and North America in recent years, including Ly … ng ill respectively, are less clear. RESULTS: Infection and transcriptional analysis of the Ixodes ricinus tick cell line IRE/CTVM20 with the viruses LIV and TBEV, and the bacterium A. phagocytophilum, identified activation of common and distinct cellular pathways. In particular, commonly-upregulated genes included those that modulate apoptotic pathways, …

Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from different geographical locations in Belarus.

Worldwide, ticks are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. Besides Lyme Borreliosis, a variety of other bacterial and protozoal tick-borne infections are of medical interest in Europe. In this study, 553 questing and feeding Ixodes ricinus (n = 327) and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks (n = 226) were analysed by PCR for Borrelia, Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Coxiella, Francisella and Babesia species. Overall, the pathogen prevalence in ticks was 30.6% for I. ricinus and 45.6% for D. reticulatus. The majority of infections were caused by members of the spotted-fever group rickettsiae (24.4%),…

Transmission dynamics of Borrelia lusitaniae and Borrelia afzelii among Ixodes ricinus, lizards, and mice in Tuscany, central Italy.

To estimate the basic reproduction number (R(0)) of Borrelia lusitaniae and Borrelia afzelii, we formulated a mathematical model considering the interactions among the tick vector, vertebrate hosts, and pathogens in a 500-ha enclosed natural reserve on Le Cerbaie hills, Tuscany, central Italy. In the study area, Ixodes ricinus were abundant and were found infected by B. lusitaniae and B. afzelii. Lizards (Podarcis spp.) and mice (Apodemus spp.), respectively, are the reservoir hosts of these two Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) genospecies and compete for immature ticks. B. lusitaniae R(…

TBE incidence versus virus prevalence and increased prevalence of the TBE virus in Ixodes ricinus removed from humans.

Traditionally, the classification of risk areas of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is based on the recording of autochthonous cases of the dis … irus (TBEV) in ticks removed from humans was significantly higher than in unfed, free-living Ixodes ricinus of the same area. The 561 ticks collected from humans in doctors' surgeries in Bavaria in 2002 were examined by nRT-PCR. The estimated overall virus prevalence in tested ticks was 8.8% (95% CI: 6.45-11.57%). The removed ticks examined were classifie …