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Growth and cellular differentiation: a physico-biochemical conundrum? The example of the hand.

Currently, the predominant hypothesis explains cellular differentiation as an essentially genetic intracellular process. The goal of this paper is to suggest that cell growth and differentiation may be, simply, the result of physical and chemical constraints. Bone growth occurs at the level of cartilage conjunction (growth plate) in a zone of lesser constrain. It appears that this growth also induces muscle, tendon, nerve and skin elongation. This cartilage growth by itself seems to explain the elongation of the hand. Growth stops at puberty likely because of feed-back from an increasing muscl

[Identification of mutation in the gene cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) in Chilean patients with cystic fibrosis].

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, that codes for a chloride channel located in the apical surface of epithelial cells. The main role of this protein is the regulation of chloride transport, and secondarily, of sodium and water to the extracellular space. More than 900 gene mutations have been described, and their relative frequency in different populations depends on their ethnic origin. AIM: To report the findings of Chilean patients with cystic fibrosis, in whom the presence of 20 common mutations was analyzed. PATIENTS…

Interleukin-8 concentrations in conjunctival epithelium brush cytology samples correlate with neutrophil, eosinophil infiltration, and corneal damage.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether interleukin-8 (IL-8) and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) concentrations … ing for IL-8 was observed in the cytosol of conjunctival epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: IL-8 in the extracellular space of the conjunctival epithelium may play a role in the recruitment of neutrophils and possibly eosinophils and in the pathogenesis of corneal damage in severe allergic diseases.

The molecular significance of amyloid beta-peptide for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. Although the majority of the cases occur sporadically, in some rare cases Alzheimer's disease is genetically inherited. Pathologically, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the accumulation of senile plaques with-in the extracellular space of brain regions known to be important for intellectual functions. In addition to senile plaques, deposits of identical biochemical composition are found in the walls of meningeal and cerebral blood vessels. Senile plaques are surrounded by degenerating neurons indicating a toxic interference of amy…

[The effect of acute and persistent ocular hypertension on ultrastructure in rabbit tissues of anterior chamber angle].

Sclero-circular compression operation was performed on 20 unilateral rabbit eyes to make a model of intraocular hypertension which persisted for 3 days, 1, 3 and 4 weeks respectively in 4 groups of rabbits and another 4 rabbits were used as normal controls. The trabecular meshwork and aqueous plexus of the experimental rabbits' eyes were examined under transmission electron microscope on various post-operative days: 3 days, 1, 3 and 4 weeks. It was discovered that the corneo-scleral and uveal trabecular meshworks were obviously distended and their core collagenous and elastoid fibers were hype

Cyanide-induced injury to the isolated perfused rat liver.

In order to study the events that follow cyanide-induced inhibition of oxidative metabolism and produce cellular injury, isolated, haemoglobin-free perfused rat livers from fasted rats were exposed to KCN (100 mg/l). KCN reduced the oxygen consumption of the livers by about 80%. Hepatotoxicity was evident by a marked release of enzymes (LDH, SDH) and of glutathione (mainly GSSG) into the perfusate, by a depletion of hepatic glutathione and by an accumulation of calcium in the liver. Cyanide-induced hepatotoxicity could be prevented completely by feeding the rats before preparing the liver as w

Extracellular matrix in normal and fibrotic human lungs.

Polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies to human collagen types I, III, and IV, and laminin were used to compare the extracellular matrix (ECM) in 10 normal and 32 abnormal lungs by indirect immunofluorescence. In normal lungs, type IV collagen and laminin codistributed in a uniform linear pattern along the epithelial and endothelial basement membranes. Type III collagen was found within the alveolar septa and interstitium in an interrupted ribbonlike pattern and was aggregated at the entrance rings of the alveoli. Type I collagen was distributed irregularly within the alveolar wall and was le

Plump endothelial cells integrated into pre-existing venules contribute to the formation of 'mother' and 'daughter' vessels in pyogenic granuloma: possible role of galectin-1, -3 and -8.

INTRODUCTION: Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a reactive inflammatory vascular lesion of the skin and mucous membranes, characterised by the pres … l-1 and Gal-8 and pentamers by Gal-3 to generate gal-glycan lattices at the cell surface and in the extracellular space has been shown, it is possible that in PG tissue Gal-1, -3 and -8, through their binding partners, form a supramolecular structure at the surface of ECs and plump ECs, macrophages and in the extracellular space that might be mediating the transdiffe …

Thrombin induces nestin expression via the transactivation of EGFR signalings in rat vascular smooth muscle cells.

Regulation of nestin gene expression is largely unknown despite that it is widely used as a progenitor cell marker. In this study, we showed that nestin expression is regulated by the thrombin-mediated EGFR transactivation in serum-deprived primary cultures of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This resulted from the direct binding of thrombin to PAR-1 rather than indirectly affecting through the binding to thrombomodulin, as demonstrated by thrombomodulin RNAi. In this process, the PAR-1-induced c-Src plays a critical role through two routes; one was the direct intracellular phosphoryl

Biomechanical properties of the capsule and extracellular matrix play a major role during the Wolffian/epididymal duct development.

BACKGROUND: The epididymis is important for sperm maturation and without its proper development, male infertility will result. Biomechanical properties of tissues/organs play key roles during their morphogenesis, including the Wolffian duct. It is hypothesized that structural/bulk stiffness of the capsule and mesenchyme/extracellular matrix that surround the duct is a major biomechanical property that regulates Wolffian duct morphogenesis. These data will provide key information as to the mechanisms that regulate the development of this important organ. OBJECTIVES: To measure the structural/b

Neurofilament Proteins as Biomarkers to Monitor Neurological Diseases and the Efficacy of Therapies.

Biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neuronal injury have the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, disease monitoring, prognosis, and measure treatment efficacy. Neurofilament proteins (NfPs) are well suited as biomarkers in these contexts because they are major neuron-specific components that maintain structural integrity and are sensitive to neurodegeneration and neuronal injury across a wide range of neurologic diseases. Low levels of NfPs are constantly released from neurons into the extracellular space and ultimately reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood under physiological co…

Exosome Production Is Key to Neuronal Endosomal Pathway Integrity in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Dysfunction of the endosomal-lysosomal system is a prominent pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodevelopmental and … it of unburdening the neuron's lysosomal system by delivering endosomal-lysosomal material into the extracellular space, where other cell types may contribute to the degradation of neuronal debris. Thus, maintaining robust neuronal exosome production may prevent or mitigate endosomal and lysosomal abnormalities linked to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. While th …

Dietary sodium and plasma volume levels with exercise.

Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid and has a potent influence on fluid movement. Sodium has been likened to a sponge that draws fluids into the extracellular space, including the plasma volume, to equalize gradients in concentration. Conventional wisdom suggests limiting dietary intake of Na+ to decrease risk of hypertension. However, there are some extreme occupational or exercise-related conditions where sweat losses are great and Na+ losses may exceed normal dietary intake. This can occur acutely such as in an ultra-endurance event or chronically as in hard manual work in…

Membrane vesicle production via cell-to-cell communication-induced autolysis in Streptococcus mutans.

Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria into the extracellular environment play various roles in bacterial and bacterial-host interactions. In Gram-positive bacteria, cell wall degradation or damage is crucial for cytoplasmic MV (CMV) release because the cytoplasmic membrane must pass through the thick cell wall to the extracellular space. Although Streptococcus mutans, a major causative agent of dental caries, is known to release CMVs that are involved in pathogenicity and biofilm formation, the mechanism by which CMV production is triggered is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate th…

Повышение ITGAX/CD11c в CSF-Derived Excellular Vesicles отражает прогресс инвалидности в мультиклерозе.

ВНЕШНЯЯ ВЕЩЕСТВА (ЭМ) представляют собой частицы, связанные с мембраной, которые высвобождаются в внеклеточное пространство и, как предполагается, играют определенную роль в патогенезе нейроинфламмации и нейродегенерации. Тем не менее точная роль этих везиков в контексте множественного склероза (МС) остается неопределенной. Цель этого исследования заключалась в определении отличительных характеристик ЭМ, связанных с НР. ЭТОДЫ: ЭМ были изолированы от СФС с использованием методов фосфатидилсериновой аффиниентности. Масс-спектрометрия использовалась для анализа образцов CSF и ЭМ, изолированных от

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles that are released into the extracellular space and are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nevertheless, the precise role of these vesicles in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains uncertain. The objective of this …

Sil1-deficient fibroblasts generate an aberrant extracellular matrix leading to tendon disorganisation in Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder that arises in early childhood and is characte … atient fibroblasts have a membrane trafficking issue. Furthermore, this analysis indicated that the extracellular space/ECM and the cell adhesion machinery, which together account for around 300 transcripts, could be affected in MSS. Functional assays showed that patient fibroblasts have a reduced capacity of ECM remodelling, reduced motility, and slower spreading du …

Platelets in the NETworks interweaving inflammation and thrombosis.

Platelets are well characterized for their indispensable role in primary hemostasis to control hemorrhage. Research over the past years has … neutrophils expelling chromatin fibres decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins into the extracellular space where they serve to trap and kill pathogens. Until now, the mechanisms and signaling pathways between platelets and neutrophils inducing NET formation are still not fully characterized. NETs were also detected in thrombotic lesions in several diseas …

[Regeneration of the retina using pigment epithelial cell transplantation].

At has been reported that transplantation of appropriate cells, growth factors, and/or extracellular matrix may help the regeneration of damaged tissues or organs. Some growth factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF), have been successfully transferred to patients with ischemic heart disease. Embryonic dopamine neurons were also transplanted into the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease successfully. We have also performed cultured auto iris pigment epithelial cell (IPE) transplantation into the subretinal space after removal of choroidal neovascularization in patients with

Pathogenesis and Current Treatment Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review Article.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical, and inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. It has been recorded that RA affects 0.5%-1% of the adult population of developed regions. It initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. Often, the bone and cartilage of joints are destroyed, and tendons and ligaments weaken. All this damage to the joints causes deformities and bone erosion, usually very pai

Up-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene expression induces tubulointerstitial injury in reflux nephropathy.

Reflux nephropathy (RN) is the cause of end-stage renal failure in 3%-25% of children and 10%-15% of adults. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts the inactive decapeptide angiotensin I (Ang I) to the active octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II), a potent vasoconstrictor. ACE is localized in highest concentrations on the luminal surface of endothelial cells, but is also found in several other cell types, including the epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubule. Recent studies have suggested that ACE increases production of the components of extracellular matrix (ECM) such as fibronecti