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Snake antivenom production in Ecuador: Poor implementation, and an unplanned cessation leads to a call for a renaissance.

Snakebite envenomation is a global health problem. This health problem asymmetrically affects rural populations in developing countries to such an extent that it recently has been listed as a priority neglected tropical disease (NTD). It is estimated that 5.4 million individuals are bitten by snakes each year, causing at least 2.7 million envenomations and more than 100,000 deaths each year. Ecuador has one of the highest snakebite envenomation incidence rates in Latin America, mostly in the coastal and Amazonian provinces. Envenomations in these regions are the result of bites primarily by sp…

Ocurrence of enteroparasites with zoonotic potential in animals of the rural area of San Andres, Chimborazo, Ecuador.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was the identification of the enteroparasites harbored by the animals of the San Andrés community, to evaluate their role as susceptible hosts and sources of infection for other animals, humans (zoonoses), as well as parasite forms spreaders to the environment in this rural area, located in the province of Chimborazo, Ecuadorian Andean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out combining 3 coproparasitological techniques: direct examination, Ritchie and Ziehl-Neelsen in 300 animal stool samples RESULTS: Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba spp., Giardia…

Broiler Farms and Carcasses Are an Important Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in Ecuador.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health threat for public and animal health in the twenty-first century. In Ecuador, antibiotics have been used by the poultry industry for decades resulting in the presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in the poultry meat production chain, with the consequent risk for public health. This study evaluated the prevalence of ESBL/AmpC and mcr genes in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GC-R E. coli) isolated from broiler farms (animal component), broiler carcasses (food component), and human enteritis (human component) in…

Evaluation of the mortality registry in Ecuador (2001-2013) - social and geographical inequalities in completeness and quality.

BACKGROUND: Mortality registries are an essential data source for public health surveillance and for planning and evaluating public policy. Nevertheless, there are still large inequalities in the completeness and quality of mortality registries between and within countries. In Ecuador, there have been few nationwide evaluations of the mortality registry and no evaluations of inequalities between provinces. This kind of analysis is fundamental for strengthening the vital statistics system. METHODS: Ecological study assessing the completeness, quality and internal consistency of mortality data …

Determination of the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. and the main serovars circulating in cattle in the province of Manabí, Ecuador.

Leptospirosis is a transmissible zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic strains of the genus Leptospira. Clinical signs in cattle are fever, haematuria, haemoglobinuria, meningitis, abortion, birth of weak calves and infertility; in the most severe cases, it can cause death to the animal. The few studies conducted in Ecuador, and in particular the province of Manabí, have revealed varying prevalence rates, ranging from 35.8% to 75%. The objective of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in cattle and to ascertain the main serovars circulating in the province of Manabí. …

Виром Кито: Метагеномический анализ вирусного разнообразия городских потоков столицы Эквадора.

В Кито микробиологическое загрязнение поверхностных вод представляет собой проблему для здоровья населения, главным образом из-за отсутствия очистки сточных вод из городских сточных вод. Загрязненная вода способствует передаче многих инъекционных патогенов благодаря прямому потреблению, сельскохозяйственному и рекреационному использованию. Среди различных патогенов, присутствующих в городских сбросах, вирусы играют важную роль в борьбе с болезнями, будучи, в частности, причинами гастроэнтерита, гепатита, менингита, респираторных инфекций. В этом исследовании анализируется наличие вирусов в сил

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
In Quito, the microbiological contamination of surface water represents a public health problem, mainly due to the lack of sewage treatment … ing Illumina MiSeq. The results yielded very relevant data of circulating viruses in the capital of Ecuador. A total of 29 viral families were obtained, of which 26 species were associated with infections in humans. Among the 26 species identified, several were related to gastroenteritis: Human Mastadenovirus F, Bufavirus, Sapporovirus, Norwalk virus and …

The emergence of the vertical birth in Ecuador: an analysis of agenda setting and policy windows for intercultural health.

Maternal mortality continues to claim the lives of thousands of women in Latin America despite the availability of effective treatments to avert maternal death. In the past, efforts to acknowledge cultural diversity in birth practices had not been clearly integrated into policy. However, in Otavalo (Ecuador) a local hospital pioneered the implementation of the 'Vertical Birth'-a practical manifestation of an intercultural health policy aimed at increasing indigenous women's access to maternity care. Drawing on agenda-setting theory, this qualitative research explores how the vertical birth pra…

The Chilcapamba-McGill Partnership: Exploring Access to Maternal and Newborn Care in Indigenous Communities of Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Based on a participatory research (PR) partnership between Family Medicine at McGill University, Canada and the Andean community of Chilcapamba, Ecuador, a medical student study focused on maternal and newborn health. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the access to maternal and newborn care and the occurrence of intrafamilial violence in women with children 5 years of age or less in three indigenous communities of Ecuador. METHODS: A semistructured survey explored the perinatal and intrapartum care as well as intrafamilial violence. RESULTS: All women (N = 30) received prenatal care, 29 r…

Using avian surveillance in Ecuador to assess the imminence of West Nile virus incursion to Galápagos.

Infectious disease emergence represents a global threat to human, agricultural animal and wildlife health. West Nile virus (WNV) first emerg … se wild bird surveillance to examine the current WNV status in the Galapagos Islands and around the Ecuadorian city of Guayaquil (the main air and sea port serving Galápagos). We conducted serosurveys of wild birds on three Galápagos Islands (Baltra, San Cristobal and Santa Cruz) with direct transport links to the South American continent. In addition, de …

Epidemiology of foreign bodies injuries in Ecuador: a first look based on a single centre experience.

OBJECTIVE: The analysis of foreign bodies (FB) injuries in the upper aero-digestive tract is not available for Ecuador and in this context, the present article represent the is the first presenting to the international community the basic epidemiological data on the Ecuador's experience on foreign bodies juries. METHODS: Data on 258 cases were gleaned using Susy Safe database, choosing the cases coming from Ecuador's institutions, namely Francisco De Icaza Bustamante Children Hospital, in Guayaquil (Ecuador) which collects data on children injuries due to foreign bodies with the aid of a stan…

White phosphorus poisoning by oral ingestion of firecrackers or little devils: current experience in Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: White phosphorus (WP) is widely used illicitly in fireworks in South America. We report our experience in seven Ecuadorian hospitals. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients presented during 2009. Inclusion criteria included: reported oral ingestion of firecrackers (little devils) in any age. Data were gathered using inpatient records and a written survey of the victims. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 21.6+/-7.1 years (women 63.5%); 64.7% of cases occurred in November, December and January. In 46% of cases, the number of units ingested was between 1 and 5 (~0.3 to…

Long-range effect of cyanide on mercury methylation in a gold mining area in southern Ecuador.

Small-scale gold mining in Portovelo-Zaruma, Southern Equador, performed by mercury amalgamation and cyanidation, yields 9-10 t of gold/annum, resulting in annual releases of around 0.65 t of inorganic mercury and 6000 t of sodium cyanide in the local river system. The release of sediments, cyanide, mercury, and other metals present in the ore such as lead, manganese and arsenic significantly reduces biodiversity downstream the processing plants and enriches metals in bottom sediments and biota. However, methylmercury concentrations in sediments downstream the mining area were recently found t

Hematology, serum chemistry, and serology of Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.

The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) is an endangered species endemic to the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. In 2003 and 2004, 195 penguins from 13 colonies on the islands of Isabela and Fernandina in the Galápagos archipelago were examined. Genetic sexing of 157 penguins revealed 62 females and 95 males. Hematology consisted of packed cell volume (n = 134), white blood cell differentials (n = 83), and hemoparasite blood smear evaluation (n = 114). Microfilariae were detected in 22% (25/114) of the blood smears. Female penguins had significantly higher eosinophil counts than males. Serum …

Outcomes of pregnancy among women living in the proximity of oil fields in the Amazon basin of Ecuador.

Oil companies have released billions of gallons of untreated wastes and oil directly into the environment of the Ecuadorian Amazon. This cross-sectional study investigated the environmental conditions and reproductive health of women living in rural communities surrounded by oil fields in the Amazon basin and in unexposed communities. Water from local streams was analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The women, aged 17 to 45 years, had resided for at least three years in the study communities. Socioeconomic and reproductive histories of the last three pregnancies were obtained from …

Successful control of onchocerciasis with community-based ivermectin distribution in the Rio Santiago focus in Ecuador.

Onchocerciasis is a major blinding disease in equatorial Africa and Central and South America. Ivermectin is a safe and effective drug in the treatment of this disease and now forms the basis of disease control in most endemic areas. We report the findings of long-term control of this infection in the Río Santiago focus in Ecuador, between January 1990 and December 1996, using a strategy of giving ivermectin treatments biannually in hyperendemic communities and annually in meso- and hypoendemic communities. Ivermectin was administered by local health workers from each community. A high level o…

Asthma and its relation with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae in Andean altitudes (Quito, Ecuador).

Previous investigations in alpine altitudes suggest a very low etiopathogenic relation between house-dust mites and bronchial asthma in these geographical zones. Our purpose was to analyze the relationship between asthma and sensitization to the house-dust mites D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae in Andean altitudes. We studied 587 asthmatic patients, residents in Quito, Ecuador, (2800 m above sea level), ranging in age from 8 months to 84 years. The patients were divided into five age groups. We investigated the prevalence of house-dust mite sensitization by skin prick tests in each group. Fifty…

The potential for malaria control with the biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in Peru and Ecuador.

A study on the efficacy of Bti spraying in mosquito breeding places was undertaken in the Pacific coast of Peru and Ecuador and in the Amazon area of Peru. It was shown that Bti is a powerful larvicide for Anopheles larvae, although it sinks quickly, whereas Anopheles larvae feed at the water surface. The duration of its effect was less than 7 days with the exception of the Amazon area of Peru, where it was approximately 10 days. In two study areas, Bti was sprayed weekly over periods of 10 and 7 weeks, respectively, and the adult mosquito densities were monitored. The Anopheles adult density …

Factors Associated with Under- and Over-Screening for Cervical Cancer in Rural Areas of Cuenca, Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CC) remains a leading cause of death among women worldwide despite the availability of effective preventive strategies. In Ecuador, CC is the second most prevalent cancer among women. However, many women in rural areas remain inadequately screened, resulting in both underscreening and overscreening patterns. OBJECTIVE: To identify the determinants associated with under- and overscreening for CC among women in rural areas of Cuenca, Ecuador. METHODS: A cross-sectional, door-to-door survey was conducted between September and December 2023 in the rural parishes of N…