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Virus-derived sequences from the transcriptomes of two snail vectors of schistosomiasis, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Bulinus globosus from Kenya.

Schistosomiasis, which infects more than 230 million people, is vectored by freshwater snails. We identified viral sequences in the transcri … n 17 different viruses were found including five near full-length genomes, most of which were small RNA viruses with positive sense RNA genomes (i.e., picorna-like viruses) and some of which are likely derived from adherent or ingested diatoms. Based on phylogenetic analysis, five of these viruses (including BPV2 and BuGV2) along with four Biomphalaria glabra …

Metatranscriptomics reveals the horse gut RNA virome and a viral sharing network with human and domestic animals.

INTRODUCTION: RNA viruses, a unique class of life forms, are widely distributed in nature and pose potential health risks. Monitoring the gut RNA virome in livestock is a crucial component of global health surveillance. As important companion animals, horses play a vital role in transportation and make significant contributions to various cultural and economic activities. Nevertheless, the characteristics of horse gut RNA viruses remain largely uncharted. METHODS: In this study, we used metatranscriptome sequencing and bioinformatics methods to characterize viruses within the gut contents of …

RNA Structure Duplication in the Dengue Virus 3' UTR: Redundancy or Host Specificity?

Flaviviruses include a diverse group of medically important viruses that cycle between mosquitoes and humans. During this natural process of … requirements. This study provides new ideas for understanding molecular aspects of the evolution of RNA viruses that naturally jump between different species.IMPORTANCE Flaviviruses constitute the most relevant group of arthropod-transmitted viruses, including important human pathogens such as the dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. The natural …

The origins and evolution of the RNA virome in land flora.

The colonization of land by plants was a major transition in the history of life, fundamentally reshaping the evolution of terrestrial organisms and Earth's ecosystems. Plants are hosts to an enormous diversity of viruses, but the origins and evolution of these viruses are not thoroughly understood. In this study, we mined the transcriptomes and genomes of 2402 species sampled across the plant kingdom and discovered about 35 000 plant-associated RNA viruses, including several potential families not described previously, resulting in a 2.2-fold increase in the known plant-associated RNA virus d…

Математическое моделирование репликации вируса плюс-стрельный RNA для выявления широких спектральных стратегий лечения от вируса.

Вирусы Плюс-стренд РНК являются самой большой группой вирусов. Многие из них являются человеческими патогенами, которые создают социально-экономическое бремя. Интересно, что вирусы Плюс-стренд РНК имеют поразительное сходство в их репликации. Одной из отличительных черт вирусов Плюс-стренд РНК является реконструирование внутриклеточных мембран для создания реплицированных органелл (так называемых "заводов по повторному использованию"), которые обеспечивают защищенную среду для репликационного комплекса, состоящего из вирусного генома и белков, необходимых для синтеза вирусной РНК. В настоящем

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
UNLABELLED: Plus-strand RNA viruses are the largest group of viruses. Many are human pathogens that inflict a socio-economic burden. Interestingly, plus-strand RNA viruses share remarkable similarities in their replication. A hallmark of plus-strand RNA viruses is the remodeling of intracellular membranes to establish replication organelles (so-called "repli…

Inactivation of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Genome Using Two Methods.

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an Alphavirus in the Togaviridae family of positive-strand RNA viruses. The viral genome of positive-strand RNA viruses is infectious, as it produces infectious virus upon introduction into a cell. VEEV is a select agent and samples containing viral RNA are subject to additional regulations due to their infectious nature. Therefore, RNA isolated from cells infected with BSL-3 select agent strains of VEEV or other positive-strand viruses must be inactivated before removal from high-containment laboratories. In this study, we tested the inactivation…

Heterogenous pathogen profile associated with acute conjunctivitis in Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Infectious conjunctivitis is common in Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study recruited 60 patients with presumed acute infectious conjunctivitis from the B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies in Kathmandu, Nepal. Swabs from the conjunctiva and anterior nares were processed for metagenomic RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq). RESULTS: Pathogens were identified in 55% of cases. RNA viruses were the most common pathogen class identified. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was the most common RNA virus identified. CONCLUSIONS: Acute infectious conjun…

Unfurling the Potential of Antiviral Agents Aimed for RNA Virus Ailment.

Globally, high mortality is brought on by RNA viruses, which are linked to chronic human disorders. Viruses dominate the WHO's current ranking of the top 10 global health hazards, especially RNA viruses. RNA viruses, like HIV, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza, which are among the most prevalent and frequently encountered RNA viruses, use RNA as their genetic material, making them prone to quick changes. They adapt rapidly, complicating the body's immune responses. HIV, a significant retrovirus, infiltrates the immune system, causing AIDS by compromising defenses against infections. SARS-CoV-2, which …

The dependence of viral RNA replication on co-opted host factors.

Positive-sense RNA ((+)RNA) viruses such as hepatitis C virus exploit host cells by subverting host proteins, remodelling subcellular membranes, co-opting and modulating protein and ribonucleoprotein complexes, and altering cellular metabolic pathways during infection. To facilitate RNA replication, (+)RNA viruses interact with numerous host molecules through protein-protein, RNA-protein and protein-lipid interactions. These interactions lead to the formation of viral replication complexes, which produce new viral RNA progeny in host cells. This Review presents the recent progress that has bee…

A Review of Human Ocular RNA Virus Infections Excluding Coronavirus, Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus, and Arboviruses.

We provide an updated review of pre-selected RNA viruses causing ocular inflammation in humans. RNA viruses such as coronaviruses and arboviruses are reviewed elsewhere. A Google Scholar search was conducted to identify recent publications on ocular inflammation caused by the RNA viruses specified here. Human RNA viruses target a wide range of ocular tissues from the anterior to the posterior. Influenza, measles and mumps cause anterior segment manifestations including conjunctivitis and keratitis, while retinitis and optic neuritis may be seen posteriorly. Newcastle disease and RSV cause conj…

Metavirome of 31 tick species provides a compendium of 1,801 RNA virus genomes.

The increasing prevalence and expanding distribution of tick-borne viruses globally have raised health concerns, but the full repertoire of the tick virome has not been assessed. We sequenced the meta-transcriptomes of 31 different tick species in the Ixodidae and Argasidae families from across mainland China, and identified 724 RNA viruses with distinctive virome compositions among genera. A total of 1,801 assembled and complete or nearly complete viral genomes revealed an extensive diversity of genome architectures of tick-associated viruses, highlighting ticks as a reservoir of RNA viruses.…

Deep Sequencing of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Reveals RNA Sequences Involved in Genome Packaging.

Nonenveloped viruses protect their genomes by packaging them into an outer shell or capsid of virus-encoded proteins. Packaging and capsid assembly in RNA viruses can involve interactions between capsid proteins and secondary structures in the viral genome, as exemplified by the RNA bacteriophage MS2 and as proposed for other RNA viruses of plants, animals, and human. In the picornavirus family of nonenveloped RNA viruses, the requirements for genome packaging remain poorly understood. Here, we show a novel and simple approach to identify predicted RNA secondary structures involved in genome p…

Limited effect of short- to mid-term storage conditions on an Australian farmland soil RNA virome.

Soils represent one of the largest and most diverse reservoirs of microbial life on Earth, yet their associated RNA viruses remain underexplored compared to animal and aquatic systems. Viral discovery in soils has been further limited by technical hurdles, particularly difficulties in obtaining sufficient yields of high-quality RNA for sequencing. To address this, we evaluated a range of storage and preservation strategies, including the use of commercial preservative solutions and ultra-cold snap-freezing, followed by standardized RNA extraction, sequencing, and virus discovery pipelines. Thi…

Stability of enveloped and nonenveloped viruses in hydrolyzed gelatin liquid formulation.

BACKGROUND: The thermal stability of viruses in gelatin liquid formulations for medical research and application is poorly understood and this study aimed to examine the thermal stability of 4 enveloped and nonenveloped DNA and RNA viruses in hydrolyzed gelatin liquid formulations. METHODS: Bovine herpesvirus (BHV) was used as a model virus to examine the molecular weight (MW), concentration and gelatin type and to optimize virus stability in liquid formulations at 25 °C and 4 °C. Using the model virus liquid formulation, the stability of multiple enveloped and nonenveloped RNA and DNA viruse…

Dynamic regulatory mechanism of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase-mediated antiviral response in RNA virus infections.

Due to their high mutation rates and adaptability, RNA viruses pose a persistent threat to public health. Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), produces 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which plays a pivotal role in host defense against RNA virus infections. However, infection outcomes are determined by the dynamic interplay between viral infection and host immune defense, including cholesterol metabolism mediated by CH25H/25HC axis. This review aims to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms underlying the interaction between CH25H/25HC and RNA viruses. We sum…

Mathematical modeling of plus-strand RNA virus replication to identify broad-spectrum antiviral treatment strategies.

Plus-strand RNA viruses are the largest group of viruses. Many are human pathogens that inflict a socio-economic burden. Interestingly, plus-strand RNA viruses share remarkable similarities in their replication. A hallmark of plus-strand RNA viruses is the remodeling of intracellular membranes to establish replication organelles (so-called "replication factories"), which provide a protected environment for the replicase complex, consisting of the viral genome and proteins necessary for viral RNA synthesis. In the current study, we investigate pan-viral similarities and virus-specific differenc…

CRISPR/Cas13-Based Anti-RNA Viral Approaches.

RNA viruses pose significant threats to global health, causing diseases such as COVID-19, HIV/AIDS, influenza, and dengue. These viruses are characterized by high mutation rates, rapid evolution, and the ability to evade traditional antiviral therapies, making effective treatment and prevention particularly challenging. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas13 has emerged as a promising antiviral tool due to its ability to specifically target and degrade viral RNA. Unlike conventional antiviral strategies, Cas13 functions at the RNA level, providing a broad-spectrum and programmable approach to combating…

Evaluation of long-term preservation methods for viral RNA in mosquitoes at room temperature.

Mosquitoes are important vectors of various pathogenic viruses. Almost all viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are RNA viruses. Therefore, to detect viral genes, mosquito samples must be kept at low temperatures to prevent RNA degradation. However, prolonged transport from the field to laboratory can pose challenges for temperature control. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods for preserving viral RNA in mosquito bodies at room temperature. Virus-infected mosquito samples were immersed in ethanol, propylene glycol, and a commercially available nucleic acid preservation reagent at room t…

Decoding the ncRNA Script: Elucidation of Major Host Regulatory lncRNAs and circRNAs Shaping RNA Virus Pathogenesis.

Viruses are key infectious agents causing large-scale mortality among humans every year with the recent example of the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. RNA viruses are often associated with higher pathogenicity and their molecular mechanisms of entry into host cells, replication, transmission, and propagation remain poorly understood. To facilitate virus replication and propagation, these viruses regulate the host gene transcription and translation, key cellular processes like apoptosis, autophagy, innate as well as adaptive immune responses, lipid biosynthesis, and other key host signaling proc…