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Performance of risk assessment instruments for predicting osteoporotic fracture risk: a systematic review.

UNLABELLED: We systematically reviewed the literature on the performance of osteoporosis absolute fracture risk assessment instruments. Relatively few studies have evaluated the calibration of instruments in populations separate from their development cohorts, and findings are mixed. Many studies had methodological limitations making susceptibility to bias a concern. INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the performance of osteoporosis clinical fracture risk assessment instruments for predicting absolute fracture risk, or calibration, in population…

Preoperative risk assessment among women undergoing bilateral prophylactic mastectomy for cancer risk reduction.

BACKGROUND: Cancer risk assessment is an important decision-making tool for women considering irreversible risk-reducing surgery. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of BRCA testing among women undergoing bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) and to review the characteristics of women who choose BPM within a metropolitan setting. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of women who underwent BPM in the absence of cancer within 2 health care systems that included 5 metropolitan hospitals. Women with invasive carcinoma or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were excluded; neither l…

A risk score for carotid plaque as an assessment risk of cardiovascular risk among patients with hypertension.

This study aimed to describe the status of carotid plaques and develop a simple scoring system to predict the risk of carotid lesions in patients with hypertension. Basic testing for carotid plaques was carried out and used for risk score development (the training dataset, n = 2665) and validation (the test dataset, n = 1333). Independent predictors of carotid plaques from the multivariate model were assigned integer weights based on their coefficients and incorporated into a risk score. The discriminant ability of the score was tested by receiver operating characteristic analysis using the te

Identifying Pregnant Women at High Risk of HIV Acquisition: An External Validation Assessment of an HIV Risk Assessment Tool for Pregnant Women.

BACKGROUND: An HIV risk assessment tool for pregnant and lactating women was developed in Kenya. We evaluated the performance of this tool in Malawi. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study among pregnant women in Lilongwe, Malawi (2017-2020) to externally validate the Kenyan HIV risk assessment tool. Pregnant women with a recent HIV infection at their first antenatal care (ANC) visit served as cases (n = 44), whereas those who tested HIV-negative at their first ANC visit served as controls (n = 349). Recent HIV infections were identified using a validated, laboratory-based, recent infecti…

Assessment of Osteoporotic Fracture Risk in Patients above 50 Years Using Quantitative Ultrasonography and Fracture Risk Assessment Tool: A Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and its association with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and bone mineral density (BMD) in a sample of individuals from South India. To assess the risk of major osteoporotic fractures (MOF) and hip fractures among study participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. A sample of 453 participants both male and female above 50 years of age was included. BMD measurements were assessed using the ultrasound bone densitometer. BMI and fracture risk assessment (FR…

The Alfalfa-inpatient-CAT assessment model: a thrombotic risk assessment model for inpatient cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To construct a venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk assessment model specifically for inpatients with cancer. METHOD: Patients were included according to the inclusion criteria. Univariate and multivariate analyses of all variables were included to develop a VTE risk assessment model applicable to the derivation cohort. Hosmer-Lemeshow test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to test the fit degree and identification validity of the model. The patient data from separate validation cohorts verified the external population. RESULT: A total of 944 cancer patients w…

An Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Ophthalmology Residents Using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) Scale.

BACKGROUND: The healthcare industry has one of the highest rates of work-related injuries. Ophthalmologists are at particularly high risk for developing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which are often the result of repetitive movements, such as performing slit lamp examinations. Previous studies used the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) scale to determine the ergonomic risk of a particular task. Higher REBA scores correlate with increased risk of injury, which ranges from negligible risk (1) to very high risk (11+). OBJECTIVE: Given the long-term implications of repetitive examinations b

Critical assessment and integration of separate lines of evidence for risk assessment of chemical mixtures.

Humans are exposed to multiple chemicals on a daily basis instead of to just a single chemical, yet the majority of existing toxicity data comes from single-chemical exposure. Multiple factors must be considered such as the route, concentration, duration, and the timing of exposure when determining toxicity to the organism. The need for adequate model systems (in vivo, in vitro, in silico and mathematical) is paramount for better understanding of chemical mixture toxicity. Currently, shortcomings plague each model system as investigators struggle to find the appropriate balance of rigor, repro

Risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes: impact of individual cell variability on the exposure assessment step.

Recently, the lag phase research in predictive microbiology is focusing more on the individual cell variability, especially for pathogenic microorganisms that typically occur in very low contamination levels, like Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, the effect of this individual cell lag phase variability was introduced in an exposure assessment study for L. monocytogenes in a liver pâté. A basic framework was designed to estimate the contamination level of pâté at the time of consumption, taking into account the frequency of contamination and the initial contamination levels of pâté at ret

Assessment of Exposure to Benzene Among Gasoline Station Workers in Thailand: Risk Assessment Matrix Methods.

This study of risk assessment of gasoline station workers was performed by using the following three models: the occupational safety and health (OSH) risk assessment aligned with ISO 45001, the biomatrix of health risk, and the benzene risk matrix assessment for gasoline station workers. Levels of inhaled air benzene and urine tt-muconic acid (tt-MA) were measured using samples collected from 151 gasoline station workers. Opportunity levels of benzene exposure were obtained by multiplying the frequency of benzene exposure by the levels of tt-MA, the inhaled benzene concentration levels, or the…

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment Using Traditional Risk Factors and Polygenic Risk Scores in the Million Veteran Program.

IMPORTANCE: Primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) relies on risk stratification. Genome-wide polygenic risk scores (PRSs) are proposed to improve ASCVD risk estimation. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether genome-wide PRSs for coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute ischemic stroke improve ASCVD risk estimation with traditional clinical risk factors in an ancestrally diverse midlife population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a prognostic analysis of incident events in a retrospectively defined longitudinal cohort conducted from January 1, 2011, to Decem

One Substance, Multiple Assessments: How the Various European Environmental Risk Frameworks Affect the Outcome of Chemical Risk Assessments.

The European Union (EU) regulates chemicals to protect the environment, but different regulations apply depending on the intended use of the substances in question. Advances in chemical monitoring have revealed inconsistencies in environmental risk assessments, prompting the European Commission to advocate for a "one substance, one assessment" (OS-OA) approach. As part of the EU Partnership for the Assessment of the Risk from Chemicals (PARC), this study examines the implementation and outcome of environmental risk assessments carried out within different regulatory frameworks, focusing on the…

Cardiovascular risk assessment characterized by proteomics in cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: The classic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk scores perform poorly in predicting CVD in cancer survivors. This study aimed to identify proteins associated with major CVDs risk and explore their roles in risk prediction for major CVDs in cancer survivors. METHODS: We included 4225 cancer survivors from the UK Biobank with available plasma proteomic data and no major CVDs at recruitment. Associations between proteins and risks of major CVDs (heart failure, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, angina, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke) were estimated using Cox proportio

Congestive Heart Failure: Perioperative Risk Assessment and Therapeutic Consequences.

BACKGROUND: Three million people in Germany, and approximately 20% of older people undergoing surgery, suffer from chronic congestive heart failure. Perioperative hospital mortality is 4.8% in patients known to have chronic congestive heart failure and only 0.78% in other patients (adjusted odds ratio 2.15, 95% confidence interval [2.09; 2.22]). Congestive heart failure is often inadequately diagnosed and treated, and there is often a lack of preoperative guideline-based risk assessment and individualized strategic planning. METHODS: This narrative review is based on pertinent guidelines and …

Beyond Environmental Risk Assessment: Mobilising ants for pesticide monitoring.

Reliable long-term monitoring of pesticide exposures and concentrations in natural ecosystems is critical to assess their impacts and to adopt effective mitigation strategies. Current Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) frameworks are important regulatory steps, but they do not capture the complexity of pesticide fate in real-world conditions. Robust monitoring systems are therefore necessary but most current programs focus primarily on abiotic compartments (e.g., soils, streams), leaving terrestrial biotic pathways poorly represented. We argue that ants may serve as particularly powerful moni…

Pulmonary origin and risk assessment of cancer-associated thrombosis.

Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) is a serious complication frequently observed in patients with cancer; however, its exact mechanism is not yet fully understood. Recent research in 2025 suggests that the lungs play a significant role in providing prothrombotic factors. Both primary and metastatic lung tumors have the potential to induce a state of hypercoagulability through various pathways, such as the secretion of procoagulant molecules, such as tissue factor (TF), triggering local inflammatory responses, platelet activation, and alterations in the function of vascular endothelial cells. F

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… thrombosis. epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, treatment, and risk assessment. … Halsema K Mcmahon B Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Risk Assessment, Prevention, and treatment J Adv Pract Oncol 2023 14 3 213 7 10.6004/jadpro.2023.14.3.6 37197728 PMC10184841 Halsema K, Mcmahon B, Cancer-Associated, Thrombosis. Risk Assessment, Prevention, and treatment. …

Association between formal preoperative risk assessment and postoperative complications.

BACKGROUND: This study compares complication rates between patients who had and did not have the Surgical Risk Preoperative Assessment System (SURPAS) used preoperatively. METHODS: This was a multi-center propensity-matched study, 2017-2024. 1:1 Greedy matching was used to match patients who had and did not have SURPAS used. After matching, rates of 11 postoperative complications were estimated and compared using the Automated Surveillance of Postoperative Infections and Non-Infections (ASPIN) system and compared. RESULTS: Of 457,117 patients, 22,875 (5.00%) had SURPAS. The SURPAS cohort was