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[The influence of yeast β-glucans on the assimilation of vitamins and mineral elements in rats].

Despite the use of yeast β-glucans in food and dietary supplements, there is insufficient data on their effect on the metabolism of vitamins and mineral elements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of β-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the diet of growing rats on the absorption of micronutrients in animals deficient in vitamins D, group B and trace elements (iron, copper, zinc). Material and methods. Micronutrient deficiency in male Wistar rats (initial body weight 61.6±0.8 g) was induced for 24 days by decreasing the content of vitamin D and all B vitamins in the vitamin

Effects of octreotide on hepatic glycogenesis in rats with high fat diet‑induced obesity.

Reduced hepatic glycogenesis is one of the most important causes of metabolic abnormalities in non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, has been demonstrated to promote weight loss and improve metabolic disorders in mice with high fat diet (HFD)‑induced obesity. However, whether octreotide affects hepatic glycogenesis is unknown. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of octreotide on hepatic glycogenesis in rats with HFD‑induced obesity. Male Sprague‑Dawley rats were fed a standard diet or a HFD for 24 weeks. Obese rats from the HFD group were fu

Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on release of mast cell peptidases and neurotrophic factors after spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a significant impact on quality of life, expectancy, and economic burden, with considerable costs associated with primary care and loss of income. The complex pathophysiology of SCI may explain the difficulty in finding a suitable therapy for limiting neuronal injury and promoting regeneration. Although innovative medical care, advances in pharmacotherapy have been limited. The aim of the present study was to carefully investigate molecular pathways and subtypes of glial cells involved in the protective effect of PEA on inflammatory reaction associated with an expe

Comprehensive Profiling of GPCR Expression in Ghrelin-Producing Cells.

To determine the comprehensive G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression profile in ghrelin-producing cells and to elucidate the role of GPCR-mediated signaling in the regulation of ghrelin secretion, we determined GPCR expression profiles by RNA sequencing in the ghrelin-producing cell line MGN3-1 and analyzed the effects of ligands for highly expressed receptors on intracellular signaling and ghrelin secretion. Expression of selected GPCRs was confirmed in fluorescence-activated cell-sorted fluorescently tagged ghrelin-producing cells from ghrelin-promoter CreERT2/Rosa-CAG-LSL-ZsGreen1 mi

Neuroprotective activities of palmitoylethanolamide in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.

The biochemical and cellular changes that occur following treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine (MPTP) are remarkably similar to that seen in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons, which results in disabling motor disturbances. Activation of glial cells and the consequent neuroinflammatory response is increasingly recognized as a prominent neuropathological feature of PD. There is currently no effective disease-modifying therapy. Targeting the signaling pathways in glial cells responsible for neur

Diosgenin ameliorates palmitate-induced endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance via blocking IKKβ and IRS-1 pathways.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether diosgenin, a widely used steroidal sapogenin, exerted protection against palmitate (PA)-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in the endothelium. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with diosgenin for 30 min, and then incubated with 100 μmol/L PA for 30 min or 24 h with or without insulin. IKKβ, p65 phosphorylation, serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at S307, tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, Akt and eNOS activation were determined by Western blot analysis. Levels of tumor necrosis facto

Management of Acute Lung Injury: Palmitoylethanolamide as a New Approach.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common and devastating clinical disorders with high mortality and no specific therapy. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is usually used intratracheally to induce ALI in mice. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ultramicronized preparation of palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA) in mice subjected to LPS-induced ALI. Histopathological analysis reveals that um-PEA reduced alteration in lung after LPS intratracheal administration. Besides, um-PEA decreased wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophi

Protein transfer enhances cellular immune responses to DNA vaccination against SARS-CoV.

The current DNA vaccine formulations are not optimal for stimulation of CD8(+) T cells, which are required for clearing virally-infected cells. Here we show that CD8(+) T cell-stimulating activity can be effectively augmented by combining DNA vaccination with protein transfer. C57BL/6 mice were injected intramuscularly with an anti-SARS-CoV DNA vaccine admixed with a lipid-derived conjugate of 4-1BBL, a potential CD8(+) T-cell co-stimulator. The inclusion of the lipidated co-stimulator greatly enhanced cellular immune responses, especially the CTL response, induced by the DNA vaccine. The adju

Docosahexaenoic Acid Modulates a HER2-Associated Lipogenic Phenotype, Induces Apoptosis, and Increases Trastuzumab Action in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Carcinoma Cells.

In breast cancer, lipid metabolic alterations have been recognized as potential oncogenic stimuli that may promote malignancy. To investigate whether the oncogenic nature of lipogenesis closely depends on the overexpression of HER2 protooncogene, the normal breast cell line, HB4a, was transfected with HER2 cDNA to obtain HER2-overexpressing HB4aC5.2 cells. Both cell lines were treated with trastuzumab and docosahexaenoic acid. HER2 overexpression was accompanied by an increase in the expression of lipogenic genes involved in uptake (CD36), transport (FABP4), and storage (DGAT) of exogenous fat

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… Experimental and clinical studies have shown that the early stages of tumorigenesis in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells are associated with increased activation of the FASN-mediated synthesis of palmitic acid, which is often used to form lipid rafts [ 1 – 3 , 5 , 15 , 19 , 41 , 42 ]. … Previously, we reported that DHA treatment of HB4aC5.2 cells increased DHA and decreased palmitic acid percentages in cell membranes [ 15 ]. These changes were observed concomitantly with a decrease in the number of lipid rafts, which, in turn, may have impaired HER2-mediated signaling [ 15 ]. …

Glucocorticoids-based prodrug design: Current strategies and research progress.

Attributing to their broad pharmacological effects encompassing anti-inflammation, antitoxin, and immunosuppression, glucocorticoids (GCs) are extensively utilized in the clinic for the treatment of diverse diseases such as lupus erythematosus, nephritis, arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, keratitis, macular edema, and leukemia. However, long-term use often causes undesirable side effects, including metabolic disorders-induced Cushing's syndrome (buffalo back, full moon face, hyperglycemia, etc.), osteoporosis, aggravated infection, psychosis, glaucoma, and cataract. These notorious side e

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… biosafety. | [149] Dex palmitate | Palmitic acid /Nanocrystal | Esterase/ Hydrolysis-activated Ester | Intravitreous injection | To treat age-related macular degeneration of rabbits; Last-longing effect for 1 month following a single injection. | [159] Dex palmitate | Palmitic acid /Liposome | Esterase … In addition to palmitic acid, other aliphatic acids, such as linoleic and linolenic acid, have also been used to construct prodrugs for GCs. …

Screening the Active Phytochemicals From Eclipta prostrata and Unraveling Their Molecular Insight Into Human Malignancies.

Current drugs against multiple human malignancies are limited, and developing new treatment strategies is improbable within a short time. So, considering the current situation, phytochemicals could be a viable option for developing chemotherapeutic agents for managing numerous types of malignancies. Therefore, we aimed to locate all phytochemicals of Eclipta prostrata and unravel their chemotherapeutic mechanisms and strategies individually. We defined 25 active compounds based on their anticancer activities after filtering through IMPPAT and literature search, and these compounds have chemoth

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… Palmitic Acid Palmitic acid, a long‐chain saturated fatty acid found abundantly in plant sources such as cereal grains, maize, and palm fruit [ 159 ], has shown potential anticancer effects across various cancer types. … Palmitic acid (10–25 μM) prevents PC3 cells from migrating and invading prostate cancer by downregulating exosomes and caveolin 1 [ 162 ]. For myeloma, palmitic acid (50–1000 μM) decreases cell survival and increases apoptosis in U266 and RPMI‐8226 cells [ 163 ]. …

Может ли дополнение антиоксидантами улучшить когнитивные функции у пациентов с множественным склерозом? Обзор литературы.

Множественный склероз (MS) — хроническое нервно-воспалительное и нейродегенеративное заболевание центральной нервной системы (CNS), имеющее сложную и многофакторную патофизиологию. Хотя эти механизмы еще не полностью прояснились, установлено, что окислительный стресс (ОС) играет ключевую роль в вождении нейродегенерации в MS. Эти патологические механизмы способствуют возникновению широкого круга симптомов, включая моторные и сенсорные расстройства, а также когнитивное расстройство. Дефекты когнитивных функций могут создавать для этих пациентов тяжелое бремя и существенно влиять на качество их

[Mechanism by which disulfiram improves cardiac function in HFpEF rats via the GSDMD/Drp1 signaling pathway].

Objective: To investigate the role of the gasdermin D (GSDMD)/dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) signaling pathway in cardiac injury and mitoc … equal-volume vehicle), model group (treated with 12.5 mmol/L high glucose combined with 0.2 mmol/L palmitic acid for 12 h), disulfiram intervention group (40 μmol/L disulfiram added simultaneously with modeling), and Mdivi-1 intervention group (20 μmol/L Mdivi-1 added simultaneously with modeling). Echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac structure and …

Протеиновая пальмитиоляция в гематологическое облучение: механистические связи с липидным метаболическим перепрограммированием и резистентностью к терапии.

Протеиновая пальмитиолация стала центральным постпереходным механизмом, регулирующим локализацию белков, стабильность и трансдукцию сигналов. В гематологических галактиках эта динамическая модификация находится на пересечении липидного метаболического перепрограммирования, взаимодействия между опухолью и иммуном и терапевтического сопротивления. Здесь мы рассматриваем вопрос о том, как дисрегулированные пальмитоилпереносазы и депальмитолазы изменяют метаболические ферменты, липидные переносчики, липидно-дрофтовые белки, онкогенные сигнальные компоненты и молекулы иммунного регулирования, созда

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… In multiple myeloma, palmitic acid has been identified as a factor that inhibits macrophage-mediated resistance to bortezomib and melphalan ( 38 ). … Palmitic acid inhibits macrophage-mediated chemotherapy resistance in multiple myeloma via ALOX12 signaling . Int Immunopharmacol . ( 2024 ) 143 : 113320 . doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113320 39378653 39 Pu J Liu T Sharma A Jiang L Wei F Ren X . …

Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Essential Medicines.

Since 1977, the World Health Organization publishes a list of essential medicines, i.e., those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population and are selected with regard to disease prevalence and public health relevance, evidence of clinical efficacy, and safety, as well as comparative costs and cost-effectiveness. The Essential Medicines List (EML) is an invaluable tool for all countries to select those medicines that have an excellent risk/benefit ratio and that are reputed to be of pivotal importance to health. In the present perspective, we describe the chemical composition

Длиннокаменистые толстые кислоты как движущие факторы нейроинфламмации в нейродегенерации: механистические связи с липидом пероксидацией, Ферроптозом и митохондриальной дисфункцией.

Фон: Нейродегенеративные заболевания (НИ) рассматриваются главным образом как расстройства, характеризующиеся серьезным иммунометаболическим дисбалансом, характеризующимся текущей нейроинфламмацией и глиальной активацией. Хотя митохондриальная дисфункция и окислительный стресс являются хорошо известными особенностями, метаболические факторы в верхнем течении, связывающие эти патологические процессы, по-прежнему плохо понимаются. Методы: В ходе этого обзора мы изучили недавние доклинические и клинические исследования, в ходе которых были изучены связи между липидным метаболизмом, иммунометаболи

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… For example, palmitic acid, the most common saturated fatty acid, can induce cellular stress and trigger robust pro-inflammatory responses in microglia [ 8 ]. … When long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), particularly palmitic acid, exceed mitochondrial β-oxidation capacity, they accumulate and uncouple the electron transport chain, collapsing the membrane potential (ΔΨ m ). …

Терапевтическая ориентация на нейроинфламацию, вызванную ожирением, и нейродегенерацию.

Ожирение является одним из основных из изменяемых факторов риска, ведущих к нейроинфламмации и нейродегенерации. Чрезмерное содержание жира в ожирении способствует постепенному проникновению иммунных клеток в жировые ткани, что приводит к высвобождению провоспалительных факторов, таких, как цитокины и адипокины. Эти подстрекательские посредники циркулируют по кровотоку, пропагандируя воспаление как на периферии, так и в центральной нервной системе. Гут дисбиоз, который приводит к утечке кишечного барьера, усугубляет воспаление и играет важную роль в увязке ожирения с патогенезом нейроинфламмац

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… In microglial under palmitic acid treatment, OX-A addition reduced pro-inflammatory markers TNF, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and reduced hypothalamic neuronal cell death ( 47 ). … Daidzein, a major isoflavone from soybean, have been shown to lower IL-6 levels in a model of obesity induced neurodegeneration consisting of human fetal hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons treated with palmitic acid ( 166 ). …

Антимикробные пептидные глатирамерные ацетаты направлены на то, чтобы псевудомоны аэругиноса липополизакариды проникли в мембраны, не изменяя при этом модификацию липополисачарида.

Антимикробные пептиды (АМП) являются ключевыми компонентами врожденного иммунитета во всех сферах жизни. Естественные и синтетические АМП получают все большее внимание в рамках усилий по борьбе с кризисом антимикробной устойчивости (АМР) и утратой антибиотической эффективности. Гграмм-отрицательный патоген псеводомоны аэругиноса является одним из наиболее часто заражающих бактерий в АМР, особенно у людей с цистичным фиброзом (КФ), где респираторные инфекции трудно искоренить и связаны с ростом заболеваемости и смертности. Кионические АМП используют негативно заряженные липополизаккариды (LPS)

Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health.

In the last decades, the development of new technologies applied to lipidomics has revitalized the analysis of lipid profile alterations and the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of lipid metabolism, together with their involvement in the occurrence of human disease. Of particular interest is the study of omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), notably EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3), and ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6), and their transformation into bioactive lipid mediators. In this sense, new familie

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… Cell membranes are composed of complex lipids, many of which are derived from palmitic acid (16:0). Lipids also act as biomolecules with ample signalling and transcription capabilities. …

Multi-omics tumor profiling technologies to develop precision medicine in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematologic cancer, is caused by accumulation of aberrant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Its molecular causes are not fully understood and its great heterogeneity among patients complicates therapeutic decision-making. In the past decades, development of new therapies and drugs have significantly improved survival of MM patients. However, resistance to drugs and relapse remain the most common causes of mortality and are the major challenges to overcome. The advent of high throughput omics technologies capable of analyzing big amount of clinical a

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… Addition of adiponectin to HMCLs triggers apoptosis, and supplementation with palmitic acid partially rescues its effect [ 296 ]. … On the contrary, another study reported that addition of palmitic acid to culture medium of HMCLs reduced cell viability and BM MM PCs had decreased levels of palmitic acid when compared to healthy PCs by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) [ 297 ]. …