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Rare Diseases of the Orbit.

This article provides an overview of rare orbital diseases. Congenital malformations, inflammatory diseases, benign and malignant neoplasias are described. Although it represents a relatively small area of the body the orbit contains multiple different tissues. Therefore, a great variety of diseases can be found within the orbital space. That is the reason, why both the completeness and the level of detail in the description of particular diseases must be somewhat limited. Nevertheless, clinical manifestations, important aspects of diagnosis, treatment strategies, and, when specific data are a

The Rise of Oncoendocrinology: How Modern Cancer Therapies Are Reshaping Endocrine Practice.

The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, CAR T-cell therapy, and antibody-drug conjugates has transformed modern oncology, significantly improving survival across a wide range of malignancies. However, these advances have also introduced a growing spectrum of endocrine and metabolic complications, redefining the scope of endocrine practice. Therapy-induced endocrinopathies, including thyroid dysfunction, hypophysitis, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes, pancreatitis, dyslipidemia, gonadal dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome, are recognized as clinically significant and o

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… Management with physiologic glucocorticoid replacement, such as cortisone acetate, has been shown to significantly improve symptoms and allow continuation of oncologic therapy. …

From Cellular Stress to Systemic Adaptation: The Circadian Clock and Stress Response at Cellular and Systemic Levels.

The stress response is essential for cellular and organismal survival as it acts as a protective and adaptive mechanism to maintain homeostasis. At the organismal level, physical stressors induce responses in mammals that are mediated primarily by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates glucocorticoid secretion. The HPA axis functions as a circadian-regulated, multi-oscillator system, in which the paraventricular nucleus, the pituitary, and the adrenal gland exhibit intrinsic rhythmicity while remaining coordinated by the output from the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Glucocor

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… For example, cortisone can activate ISR by activating GCN2 and promote stress granule assembly when combined with vinorelbine treatment in U2OS cells and breast cancer organoids [ 84 ]. …

A geriatrician's approach to managing the complex older adult with obesity.

The prevalence of obesity in older adults is rapidly increasing due to the demographic shift occurring globally. Older adults with obesity face health care challenges due to multimorbidity, functional dependency, and disability. This population often has prior history of struggles through weight-loss attempts during the middle years of life. Therefore, weight-loss intervention needs a personalized approach, taking into consideration weight-loss attempts, relapse, and life events, including bariatric surgery, functional limitations, psychosocial status, and current residential environment. Raci

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… atenolol | Carvedilol Antidepressants/antimanic agents | Amitriptyline, mirtazapine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram, fluoxetine, lithium | Bupropion Atypical antipsychotics | Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone | Topiramate or metformin as adjunct Corticosteroids (oral) | Budesonide, cortisone …

Hypophosphatasia.

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inherited metabolic disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) gene. Reduced activity of TNAP leads to the accumulation of its substrates, mainly inorganic pyrophosphate and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, metabolic aberrations that largely explain the musculoskeletal and systemic features of the disease. More than 400 ALPL mutations, mostly missense, are reported to date, transmitted by either autosomal dominant or recessive mode. Severe disease is rare, with incidence ranging from 1:100,000 to 1:300,000 live births

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… They include, but are not limited to, cortisone administration and intravenous infusions of ALP purified by various sources, e.g., plasma of patients with Paget’s bone disease or placenta. They largely failed, thus possibly implying the need for upregulating ALPL in the skeleton [ 1 ]. 5.2. …

Pemphigus vulgaris.

Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune bullous dermatosis that results from the production of autoantibodies against desmogleins 1 and 3. It is the most frequent and most severe form of pemphigus, occurring universally, usually between 40 and 60 years of age. It usually begins with blisters and erosions on the oral mucosa, followed by lesions on other mucous membranes and flaccid blisters on the skin, which can be disseminated. There is a clinical variant, pemphigus vegetans, which is characterized by the presence of vegetating lesions in the large folds of the skin. Clinical suspicion can

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… The most important are arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cutaneous and systemic infections, gastric ulcer, osteoporosis, femoral head necrosis, glaucoma, and cortisone cataract. …

Overcoming Oncogenic Mediated Tumor Immunity in Prostate Cancer.

Immunotherapy is being tested intensively in clinical trials for prostate cancer; it includes immune checkpoint inhibition, prostate specific antigen (PSA) vaccines and dendritic cell-based strategies. Despite increasing evidence for clinical responses, the consensus of multiple trials is that prostate cancers are poorly responsive to immunotherapy. Prostate cancer has a high degree of pathological and genetic heterogeneity compared to other cancer types, which may account for immunotherapeutic resistance. This hypothesis also implies that select types of prostate tumors may be differentially

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… In PC, elevated intratumoral synthesis of glucocorticoids can occur through reduced function of the enzyme 11βHSD2 [ 95 ], which catalyzes the conversion of the active endogenous glucocorticoid cortisol to its inactive form cortisone [ 95 ], as well as the conversion of the active metabolite prednisolone …

Оптимальный выбор способа управления лекарствами в отношении внутримышечной и подкожной инъекции.

Внутримышечное (IV), внутримышечное (IM) и подкожное (SC) three - наиболее часто используемые пути инъекции для лечения лекарств. Время от времени проводились сравнительные исследования СК по отношению к IV, IM по отношению к IV, или IM по сравнению с СК, и некоторые новые выводы совершенно отличаются от рекомендаций в отношении дозировки, описанных в предписаниях в отношении информации. Однако врачи, возможно, до сих пор не знают о таких новых фактах при выборе методов лечения. Поиск литературы MetodsA был проведен с использованием PubMed, MedLINE и Web of Sciences TM Core Collection для анал

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BackgroundIntravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) are the three most frequently used injection routes in medication admi … es interferon-beta-1a, methotrexate, human chorionic gonadotropin, hepatitis B immunoglobulin, hydrocortisone, and morphine. Safety, efficacy, patient preference, and pharmacoeconomics are four principles governing the choice of injection route. Safety and efficacy must be the preferred principles to be considered (eg, epinephrine should be given intramuscu …

Impact of Glucocorticoid Use in Oncology in the Immunotherapy Era.

Thanks to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oedema, and anti-allergy properties, glucocorticoids are among the most widely prescribed drugs in patients with cancer. The indications for glucocorticoid use are very wide and varied in the context of cancer and include the symptomatic management of cancer-related symptoms (compression, pain, oedema, altered general state) but also prevention or treatment of common side effects of anti-cancer therapies (nausea, allergies, etc.) or immune-related adverse events (irAE). In this review, we first give an overview of the different clinical situations where

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… Angiogenesis Inhibition and Tumor Regression Caused by Heparin or a Heparin Fragment in the Presence of Cortisone Science 1983 221 719 725 10.1126/science.6192498 6192498 16. Karmakar S. Jin Y. Nagaich A.K. …

Guidelines for the management of osteoporosis and fragility fractures.

The purpose of this document, a result of the harmonisation and revision of Guidelines published separately by the SIMFER, SIOMMMS/SIR, and SIOT associations, is to provide practical indications based on specific levels of evidence and various grades of recommendations, drawn from available literature, for the management of osteoporosis and for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of fragility fractures. These indications were discussed and formally approved by the delegates of the Italian Scientific Associations involved in the project (SIE, SIGG, SIMFER, SIMG, SIMI, SIOMMMS, SIR, and SIO

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… The main fracture-inducing factor is the immunosuppressive therapy, in particular, the use of cortisone, which is initially administered at very high doses, and, in the majority of patients, for an indefinite period; other relevant risk factors common to all types of transplants (at least in the long …

Potential Adverse Effects of Dexamethasone Therapy on COVID-19 Patients: Review and Recommendations.

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global healthcare community has raced to find effective therapeutic agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, dexamethasone is the first and an important therapeutic to significantly reduce the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with severe disease. Due to powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, dexamethasone could attenuate SARS-CoV-2-induced uncontrolled cytokine storm, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury. Nevertheless, dexamethasone tre

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… As a broad-spectrum immunosuppressor, the potency and duration of action of dexamethasone are greater and longer than those of cortisone. Its immunosuppressive effect is exerted through a variety of ways. …

Историческое развитие иммуноэндокринных концепций психических расстройств и их терапии.

Отношения между центральной нервной, иммунной и эндокринной системами являются предметом психиатрических исследований, особенно в области депрессии и шизофрения. У поля длинные предтечи. Наблюдаемые явления, связанные с этими отношениями, восходят к неолитической эпохе. Теории иммуноэндокринной системы в самом широком смысле записаны в древности. В 19th Крепелин и Вагнер-Джаурег сообщили о первых клинических наблюдениях у пациентов психиатрических учреждений. Von Bestow, Эддисон и Кушинг описали психические симптомы у пациентов, страдающих эндокринными заболеваниями. :: 20th откровение века с

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… The first decades of the 20th century brought the discovery of thyroxine and cortisone by Edward Calvin Kendall (1886–1972) [ 40 ], insulin (1921) by Frederick Grant Banting (1891–1941), Charles Best (1899–1978) and Nicolae Paulescu (1869–1931) [ 41 ] and of the sexual hormones–mainly by Adolf Butenandt …

Vitamin D: Update 2013: From rickets prophylaxis to general preventive healthcare.

Vitamin D has received a lot of attention recently as a result of a meteoric rise in the number of publications showing that vitamin D plays a crucial role in a plethora of physiological functions and associating vitamin D deficiency with many acute and chronic illnesses including disorders of calcium metabolism, autoimmune diseases, some cancers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, infectious diseases and cardiovascular disease. The recent data on vitamin D from experimental, ecological, case-control, retrospective and prospective observational studies, as well as smaller intervention studies, are sign

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… Depending on the availability of 25(OH)D and the amounts required, these cells can produce the biologically active vitamin D hormone with the help of their local 1-OHase (→ autocrine and paracrine effect). 1α,25(OH) 2 D is like the sex hormones (e.g., estradiol) and corticosteroids (e.g., cortisone), …

Инфекционные токсичные вещества, связанные с биконкретными антителами и клетками CAR-T в множестве миеломы: систематический обзор.

Лечение с перенацеливанием клеток изменило лечение повторной/охлажденной множественной миэломы (RRMM), но связано со значительным риском инфицирования. Мы систематически анализировали инфекционные заболевания после терапии Т-клеток CAR и биконкретных антител (BSAbs) с уделением особого внимания частотности, времени, патогенам, факторам риска и профилактике. Следуя руководящим принципам PRISMA, мы обыскали Паббмеда до мая. 22, 2026, и включает исследования, содержащие информацию о инфекционных результатах у пациентов, проходящих курс лечения с помощью клеток CAR-T или BsAbs. Всего 123 Был прове

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… Local care measures involving cortisone and nystatin are being considered as a way of preventing local inflammation [ 47 ]. Haematotoxicity (36–67%) was rarely severe [ 43 – 46 ]. …

Long-Term Effects of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Chemotherapy: Can Recent Findings Inform Old Strategies?

During the last few decades, pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cure rates have improved significantly with rates exceeding 90%. Parallel to this remarkable improvement, there has been mounting interest in the long-term health of the survivors. Consequently, modified treatment protocols have been developed and resulted in the reduction of many adverse long-term consequences. Nevertheless, these are still substantial concerns that warrant further mitigation efforts. In the current review, pediatric-ALL survivors' late adverse events, including secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs), car

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… On the other hand, it is still unclear if dexamethasone can cause a more significant increase in weight gain than prednisone and whether the effect of cortisone is only transient or long-lasting ( 96 ). …

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Fluorinated Drugs Approved by the FDA (2016-2022).

Fluorine is characterized by high electronegativity and small atomic size, which provide this molecule with the unique property of augmenting the potency, selectivity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetics of drugs. Fluorine (F) substitution has been extensively explored in drug research as a means of improving biological activity and enhancing chemical or metabolic stability. Selective F substitution onto a therapeutic or diagnostic drug candidate can enhance several pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties such as metabolic stability and membrane permeation. The increased binding a

A Review on the Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Natural Products in Preventing Bone Diseases.

The drugs used for treating bone diseases (BDs), at present, elicit hazardous side effects that include certain types of cancers and strokes, hence the ongoing quest for the discovery of alternatives with little or no side effects. Natural products (NPs), mainly of plant origin, have shown compelling promise in the treatments of BDs, with little or no side effects. However, the paucity in knowledge of the mechanisms behind their activities on bone remodeling has remained a hindrance to NPs' adoption. This review discusses the pathological development of some BDs, the NP-targeted components, an

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… Treatment with a low dose of glucocorticoids, including dexamethasone (DEX), cortisone, and prednisolone, over a short time was shown to regulate bone remodeling and maintain homeostasis of the bone tissues [ 124 ]. …

Osteoporosis in Frail Patients: A Consensus Paper of the Belgian Bone Club.

In this consensus paper, the Belgian Bone Club aims to provide a state of the art on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis in frail individuals, including patients with anorexia nervosa, patients on dialysis, cancer patients, persons with sarcopenia, and the oldest old. All these conditions may indeed induce bone loss that is superimposed on physiological bone loss and often remains under-recognized and under-treated. This is of particular concern because of the major burden of osteoporotic fractures in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic cost. Therefore, there is

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… The recent introduction of the androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) could aggravate the problem because of its impact on endogenous cortisone production. Abiraterone must indeed be combined with 10 mg prednisone and ADT has to be continued anyway. …

Selected abstracts from the XXXVIII National Congress of the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA)

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Демографическая точность в онкологических оврагах, клинических и генетических детерминантах системной терапии.

Токсичность при лечении сдерживает применение эффективных методов лечения рака, однако ее клинические и генетические детерминанты по-прежнему недостаточно четко определены. Мы разработали подход, основанный на большой языковой модели, для производства MSK-Tox, панракорного ресурса, фиксирующего частотность, временнóсть и сорт токсичности для антираковой терапии в большей степени, чем 50,000 Пациенты. Анализ six Репрезентативные неблагоприятные явления - пневмонит, адренальная недостаточность, токсичность для печени, колит, гипертироидизм и гипотироидозные отдельные токсические ландшафты, опред

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… Within each window, cumulative corticosteroid exposure was computed in prednisone-equivalent mg-days using standard equivalence factors (hydrocortisone 0.25, cortisone 0.20, prednisone and prednisolone 1.0, methylprednisolone and triamcinolone 1.25, fludrocortisone 2.5, dexamethasone 6.67, betamethasone …