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What is the Reason That the Pharmacological Future of Chemotherapeutics in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Could Be Most Closely Related to Nanostructures? Platinum Drugs in Therapy of Non-Small and Small Cell Lung Cancer and Their Unexpected, Possible Interactions. The Review.

Over the course of several decades, anticancer treatment with chemotherapy drugs for lung cancer has not changed significantly. Unfortunately, this treatment prolongs the patient's life only by a few months, causing many side effects in the human body. It has also been proven that drugs such as Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin and others can react with other substances containing an aromatic ring in which the nitrogen atom has a free electron group in its structure. Thus, such structures may have a competitive effect on the nucleobases of DNA. Therefore, scientists are looking not only for

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… As a result, Carboplatin can easily form complexes with these nanostructures. 421 Figure 24 The structure of a complex of Rhombellane with Cisplatin. 420 Figure 24 The structure of a complex of Rhombellane with Cisplatin. 420 Others Nanostructures Micelles Micelles are colloidal nanoparticles that … are formed in an aqueous environment using amphiphilic copolymers or surfactants when the critical micellar concentration is exceeded. 289 , 458 Micelles are excellent drug carriers because, due to their smaller size below 100 nm in diameter, they actively avoid RES and renal exclusion. …

Nanomedicine Approaches for Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Therapy.

Cancer is a daunting global health problem with a steadily rising incidence. Despite the wide arsenal of current anticancer therapies, challenges such as drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, poor targeting, and severe side effects often lead to suboptimal efficacy and poor patient outcomes, highlighting the need for innovative therapies. Autophagy modulation has emerged as an attractive approach to complement existing therapies. The dual role of autophagy in cancer promotion and suppression has inspired the development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies focusing on both inhibition and in

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… NPs for drug delivery can be broadly categorized based on their composition and structural properties into lipid‐based NPs (e.g., liposomes, LNP, micelles, nanoemulsions), polymer‐based NPs (e.g., polymeric NPs (PLGA, chitosan, PEG, HA), polymeric micelles, dendrimers, and hydrogels), carbon‐based and … The core of C‐TFG micelles was loaded with the autophagy‐inducing drug STF‐62247, and the micelles were coated with HA prodrug (HA‐OXA) to form ASN. In the reducing TME, OXA is released, triggering tumor ICD and inducing mild autophagy. …

Natural anti-cancer products: insights from herbal medicine.

Herbal medicine exhibits a broad spectrum of potent anti-cancer properties, including the enhancement of tumor immune responses, reversal of multidrug resistance, regulation of autophagy and ferroptosis, as well as anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-metastatic effects. This review systematically explores recent advances (primarily documented since 2019) in research on key anti-cancer compounds derived from herbal medicine, such as apigenin, artemisinin, berberine, curcumin, emodin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), ginsenosides, icariin, resveratrol, silibinin, triptolide, and ursolic

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… The use of tween 80 micelles for artemisinin-loaded micelles effectively prevents premature drug release during circulation, and this system has shown a significant tumor inhibitory effect, with inhibition rates reaching up to 85% [ 170 ]. … Systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, and micelles play crucial roles in ensuring that artemisinin is delivered effectively to tumors, which in turn enhances its therapeutic effects while minimizing potential side effects. …

Nanotechnology in Lung Cancer Therapeutics: A Narrative Review.

To date, cancer continues to be one of the biggest challenges for medical science. Nanotechnology has enabled us to overcome some of the limitations of conventional treatment in lung cancer therapeutics. Recently, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved certain nanomedicines for clinical administration against lung cancer. This article presents a narrative review of approved nanomedicines in lung cancer with a special focus on the results of recently concluded and ongoing clinical trials. The limitations associated with using nanomaterials as anti-lung cancer therapeutic agents and

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… Types of Nanomaterials Lipid-based nanocarriers | Inorganic nanoparticles | Drug conjugates | Polymer-based nanocarriers Solid lipid nanoparticles | Silica nanoparticle | Antibody-drug conjugate | Polymeric micelle Liposome | Metal nanoparticle | Polymer-drug conjugate | Nanoparticle albumin-bound (Nab … Currently, about 20 commercial nanomaterial-based drugs for cancer therapeutics are either approved or in the process of being approved by the FDA, out of which around 85% are based on liposomes and polymer micelles [ 11 ]. …

Exploiting Nanomedicine for Cancer Polychemotherapy: Recent Advances and Clinical Applications.

The most important limitations of chemotherapeutic agents are severe side effects and the development of multi-drug resistance. Recently, the clinical successes achieved with immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of several advanced-stage malignancies, but most patients do not respond and many of them develop immune-related adverse events. Loading synergistic combinations of different anti-tumor drugs in nanocarriers may enhance their efficacy and reduce life-threatening toxicities. Thereafter, nanomedicines may synergize with pharmacological, immunological, and physical combined tre

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… Polymeric micelles composed of the triblock copolymer (poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(ethylenimine), and PEG, and functionalized with FA, were co-loaded with TMZ and siRNA against B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). … The higher toxicity is associated with large sizes, regardless of shape (nanospheres, hollow polymeric nanovesicles, spherical polymeric micelles, nanorods, nanostars, or nanoworms) [ 123 ]. …

Critical considerations for targeting colorectal liver metastases with nanotechnology.

Colorectal cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Half of all patients develop liver metastases, presenting unique challenges for their treatment. The shortcomings of conventional chemotherapy has encouraged the use of nanomedicines; the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. In spite of technological improvements in nanotechnology, the complexity of biological systems hinders the prospect of nanomedicines being applied in cancer therapy at the present time. This review highlights current biological barriers and discusses aspe

Monoclonal Antibodies-Anchored Quantum Dots-Based Delivery Strategies for Glioblastoma Treatment: Challenges and Applications.

Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been a great challenge before medical fraternity since last century owing to a median survival of less than 15 months, despite of intensive therapy. Neurosurgeries, intense chemotherapy, advanced radiotherapy, and targeted therapies have bought some extension to the life of GBM patients. Combination and targeted therapies could bring a concrete approach to tackle the complexities of GBM treatment. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have already proved their potential, owing to their high affinity and target-specificity, as a promising cancer immunothera

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… Authors reported that the imaging potential of the targeted QDs-loaded PEG-PE micelles is 2-folds greater than the non-targeted QDs containing similar micelles. … The targeted QDs-loaded PEG-PE micelles produced ultrabright tumor images and doubled the fluorescence intensity compared to the passively targeted micelles, much rapidly and at the same low doses. …

The progress and perspective of nanomedicine in modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.

The widespread application of nanomedicine in oncology is reshaping cancer treatment paradigms. Using the precise targeting mechanisms and the rapid advancements in nanoscale materials, nanomedicine is driving progress in cancer therapy, particularly within the complex landscape of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIM). This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies elucidating the critical role of nanomedicine in modulating the TIM, augmenting the efficacy of immunotherapies, and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Emphasis is placed on the significance of targeted drug deli

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… The scope of nanomedicine is not limited to nanoparticles; it also encompasses nanorobots and a variety of nanoscale tools, such as liposomes, polymer micelles, and other targeted delivery systems. … The innovative approach utilizing colistin crosslinked gemcitabine micelles (CCGM) presents a significant advancement in overcoming tumor drug resistance induced by intratumoral microorganisms. …

Advances in the delivery of anticancer drugs by nanoparticles and chitosan-based nanoparticles.

Cancer is the leading cause of death globally, and conventional treatments have limited efficacy with severe side effects. The use of nanotechnology has the potential to reduce the side effects of drugs by creating efficient and controlled anticancer drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) used as drug carriers offer several advantages, including enhanced drug protection, biodistribution, selectivity and, pharmacokinetics. Therefore, this review is devoted to various organic (lipid, polymeric) as well as inorganic nanoparticles based on different building units and providing a wide range of

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… The micelle's hydrophobic sections establish a core that serves as a hydrophobic drug storage space in polymers and copolymers. Meanwhile, the hydrophilic headgroups produce the micelle's shell. … Studies conducted in vivo showed that the micelles had high antitumor activity and were safe to use. Additionally, the micelles exhibited excellent fluorescence imaging capabilities ( Cheng et al., 2023 ). …

From Pioneering Discoveries to Innovative Therapies: A Journey Through the History and Advancements of Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer Treatment.

Nanoparticle technology has revolutionized breast cancer treatment by offering innovative solutions addressing the gaps in traditional treatment methods. This paper aimed to comprehensively explore the historical journey and advancements of nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment, highlighting their transformative impact on modern medicine. The discussion traces the evolution of nanoparticle-based therapies from their early conceptualization to their current applications and future potential. We initially explored the historical context of breast cancer treatment, highlighting the limitations

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… Key types include liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, each with distinct advantages. … Clinical trials have demonstrated improved overall survival and remission rates in aggressive forms of leukemia using Vyxeos ® , compared with those using conventional chemotherapies. 132 Lastly, Genexol-PM ® (polymeric micelle paclitaxel) uses polymeric micelles to encapsulate paclitaxel, enhancing …

Advancing Brain Health Naturally: β-Caryophyllene and Xanthohumol as Neuroprotective Agents.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) represent a class of incurable and progressive disorders characterized by the gradual degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system, particularly the brain and spinal cord. A range of innovative therapeutic approaches is currently under investigation, such as stem cell-based therapies, gene-editing platforms such as CRISPR, and immunotherapies directed at pathogenic proteins. Moreover, phytochemicals such as β-caryophyllene and xanthohumol have demonstrated significant neuroprotective potential in preclinical models. These natural agents exe

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… In a recent study, Khayyal et al. developed micelles consisting of polysorbate 80, with incorporated XAN. The resulting micelles were compared in vivo for their anti-inflammatory effects with pure diclofenac sodium and non-micellized XAN. … In another study, Ronka et al. developed Pluronic P123- and Pluronic F127-based micelles loaded with XAN and its primary metabolite, isoxanthohumol. They managed to synthesize micelles with a size of around 30 nm and extremely high encapsulation efficiency varying between 93.5% and 100%. …

Combating Methotrexate Resistance in Cancer Treatment: A Review on Navigating Pathways and Enhancing Its Efficacy With Fat-Soluble Vitamins.

Methotrexate (MTX), a potent analogue and antagonist of folic acid, is a first-line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, IBD and cancer. The development of MTX resistance contributes to the reduced efficacy and development of adverse reactions, forcing clinicians to withdraw treatment early. This drawback requires combinational approaches to combat the resistance and enhance the efficacy and safety of MTX. To provide a brief overview of MTX resistance and strategies to mitigate its aftereffects in cancer therapy, a literature-based search was conducted using keywords such as cancer pathology, M

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… These findings suggest that the mixed micelles have the potential to counteract MDR in clinical chemotherapy [ 151 ]. … As a result, P-gp expression was inhibited, ROS levels spiked, and tumour MDR was overcome synergistically, proving that these micelles were effective nanocarriers for the transport of anticancer drugs [ 153 ]. 4.4. …

Smart Targeting To Improve Cancer Therapeutics.

Cancer is the second largest cause of death worldwide with the number of new cancer cases predicted to grow significantly in the next decades. Biotechnology and medicine can and should work hand-in-hand to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment efficacy. However, success has been frequently limited, in particular when treating late-stage solid tumors. There still is the need to develop smart and synergistic therapeutic approaches to achieve the synthesis of strong and effective drugs and delivery systems. Much interest has been paid to the development of smart drug delivery systems (drug-loade

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… Doxorubicin loaded pH-sensitive micelle: antitumoral efficacy against ovarian A2780/DOXR tumor. Pharm Res . 2008;25:2074–2082. doi: 10.1007/s11095-007-9382-5 168. Chuang CH, Wu PC, Tsai TH, et al. … Sun J. pH-sensitive polymeric micelles triggered drug release for extracellular and intracellular drug targeting delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci . 2013;8:159–167. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.021 171. Zhou L, Cheng R, Tao H, et al. …

What Zebrafish and Nanotechnology Can Offer for Cancer Treatments in the Age of Personalized Medicine.

Cancer causes millions of deaths each year and thus urgently requires the development of new therapeutic strategies. Nanotechnology-based anticancer therapies are a promising approach, with several formulations already approved and in clinical use. The evaluation of these therapies requires efficient in vivo models to study their behavior and interaction with cancer cells, and to optimize their properties to ensure maximum efficacy and safety. In this way, zebrafish is an important candidate due to its high homology with the human genoma, its large offspring, and the ease in developing specifi

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… In fact, micelles loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX-loaded mixed micelles (MMDOX)), commonly used to treat metastatic breast cancer, were tested by Calienni et al. in zebrafish embryos to rate their toxicity in vivo [ 163 ]. … The antiangiogenic effect of curcumin polymeric micelles was evaluated in this transgenic line, resulting in an effective inhibition of embryonic angiogenesis as well as tumor-derived angiogenesis owing to tumor cell xenotransplantation [ 170 ]. …

Nanomedicine for Combination Therapy of Cancer.

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… CRLX101, a polymeric micelle carrying camptothecin, was highly efficacious in animal studies but did not provide overall survival benefit when compared to best supportive care in a Phase 2b trial enrolling previously treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients ( NCT01380769 ). … Progress of drug-loaded polymeric micelles into clinical studies. J Control Release. 2014;190:465–476. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.042. Davis M.E., Chen Z., Shin D.M. Nanoparticle therapeutics: an emerging treatment modality for cancer. …

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: A Patient-Friendly Chemotherapy for Oncology.

Chemotherapy is widely used to treat cancer. The toxic effect of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs on healthy cells leads to serious toxic and side effects of conventional chemotherapy. The application of nanotechnology in tumor chemotherapy can increase the specificity of anticancer agents, increase the killing effect of tumors, and reduce toxic and side effects. Currently, a variety of formulations based on nanoparticles (NPs) for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs have been put into clinical use, and several others are in the stage of development or clinical trials. In this review, after b

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… In vivo, HA liposomes can aggregate more in tumor site and enhance the therapeutic effect of PTX. 100 In the study, Zhong et al synthesized a new endosomal pH-activated prodrug micelle based on HA-b-dendritic oligoglycerol; HA-micelles can be highly aggregated at the tumor site (6.19% ID/g at 12-h post … Hyaluronic acid-shelled acid-activatable paclitaxel prodrug micelles effectively target and treat CD44-overexpressing human breast tumor xenografts in vivo . …

From Nanoparticles to Cancer Nanomedicine: Old Problems with New Solutions.

Anticancer nanomedicines have been studied over 30 years, but fewer than 10 formulations have been approved for clinical therapy today. Despite abundant options of anticancer drugs, it remains challenging to have agents specifically target cancer cells while reducing collateral toxicity to healthy tissue. Nanocompartments that can be selective toward points deeply within malignant tissues are a promising concept, but the heterogeneity of tumor tissue, inefficiency of cargo loading and releasing, and low uniformity of manufacture required from preclinical to commercialization are major obstacle

Micro and nanotechnologies: The little formulations that could.

The first publication of micro- and nanotechnology in medicine was in 1798 with the use of the Cowpox virus by Edward Jenner as an attenuated vaccine against Smallpox. Since then, there has been an explosion of micro- and nanotechnologies for medical applications. The breadth of these micro- and nanotechnologies is discussed in this piece, presenting the date of their first report and their latest progression (e.g., clinical trials, FDA approval). This includes successes such as the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen (

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… In 1960, 47 amphiphilic polymers were used to construct polymer micelles that can encapsulate hydrophobic cargo such as the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel. … Polymeric micelles for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs: from nanoformulation to clinical approval. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2020;156:80‐118. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.009 47. Elworthy PH. The critical micelle concentration of cetomacrogol 1000. …

Towards a New Dawn for Neuro-Oncology: Nanomedicine at the Service of Drug Delivery for Primary and Secondary Brain Tumours.

(1) Background/Objectives: Primary and secondary brain tumours often hold devastating prognoses and low survival rates despite the application of maximal neurosurgical resection, and state-of-the-art radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One limiting factor in their management is that several antineoplastic agents are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the tumour microenvironment. Nanomedicine could hold the potential to become an effective means of drug delivery to overcome previous hurdles towards effective neuro-oncological treatments. (2) Methods: A scoping review following th

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… The combination of antibody and the chemotherapeutic agent in a nano-micelle with angio-pep2 (A2) peptide was termed A2 APM by the investigators. … This combination allowed the micelles to penetrate the BTB: using an in vitro BTB model, the study showed that the utilisation of A2 peptide allowed aPD-L1 nano-micelles to cross the cell monolayers. …

MDM2/X Inhibitors as Radiosensitizers for Glioblastoma Targeted Therapy.

Inhibition of the MDM2/X-p53 interaction is recognized as a potential anti-cancer strategy, including the treatment of glioblastoma (GB). In response to cellular stressors, such as DNA damage, the tumor suppression protein p53 is activated and responds by mediating cellular damage through DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Hence, p53 activation plays a central role in cell survival and the effectiveness of cancer therapies. Alterations and reduced activity of p53 occur in 25-30% of primary GB tumors, but this number increases drastically to 60-70% in secondary GB. As a result, reacti

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… In both instances, apoptosis was induced more effectively in combination with TMZ | ( 156 ) RGD-M/sPM € + TMZ | RGD-peptide micelle | PC | U87MG wt | Anti-glioma effect through activation of the p53 pathway in vitro and i n vivo . … Nutlin-3a-loaded targeted micelles in combination with doxorubicin or the RGD MDM2/X targeting peptide-conjugated micelle (RGD-M/sPMI ) in combination with TMZ showed effective synergism against GB in vitro and in vivo ( 170 , 172 ). …