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Is Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific ready for potential monkeypox virus outbreaks?

The new variant of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) clade Ib has recently spread to other African countries outside the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), prompting the World Health Organisation to declare the outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). This comes just two years after the initial PHEIC that was issued for the clade IIb outbreaks. Compared to the clade IIb outbreaks, clade Ib shows a demographic shift, including higher case fatality rates for younger individuals, indicating a possibility of additional transmission pathways through heterosexual and hou…

Monkeypox Virus Subverts the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages at the Maternal-Fetal Interface.

Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Although the virus was identified decades ago, human immunity to MPXV infection has not been widely characterized. During MPXV infection, macrophages are recruited at the site of infection and are thought to contribute to the spread of the virus. Cases of MPXV vertical transmission were reported in infected pregnant women to the developing fetuses in utero resulting to high viral burden in placenta tissue and abortion. We aim to understand the impact of MPXV infection at the foeto-maternal interface by focusing on macrophages …

Molecular epidemiological surveillance of monkeypox virus in Indonesia from 2023 to 2024.

Monkeypox (mpox) has re-emerged as global public health concern including in several non-endemic countries. This study aims to characterize monkeypox virus (MPXV) genomes in Indonesia, to explore viral evolution and transmission. Genomic analysis was conducted on 53 isolates from Indonesian mpox patients between 2023 and 2024. All sequences belonged to Clade IIb, with identified sub-clades including A.1.1, B.1, B.1.3, and C.1 - of which C.1 became dominant during this period. Out of 87 mpox-confirmed cases, 60.9% (53/87) were successfully sequenced and submitted to the Global Initiative on Sha…

Development and Evaluation of a Molecular Test for Monkeypox Virus in the Federal District, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Monkeypox virus, the etiological agent of Mpox, is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus that has attracted increasing attention due to sporadic outbreaks in humans. In 2022, it was responsible for the largest Mpox outbreak outside the African continent, infecting over 117,000 individuals worldwide. In Brazil, since the first confirmed case in June 2022, more than 13,000 people have been diagnosed with the virus. METHODS: In July 2022, we developed the first molecular test for the detection of monkeypox virus in the Midwest region of the country, allowin…

Emerging threats of monkeypox virus in 2024: current insights and future directions.

Monkeypox has reemerged as a major global public health threat, with 2024 witnessing the rise of Clade Ib, a new, more transmissible and potentially severe variant. This review analyzes recent outbreaks, uncovering how Clade Ib has accelerated human-to-human and zoonotic spread, increasing case counts across both endemic and non-endemic regions. The study synthesizes current evidence on the virus's evolving epidemiology, diagnostic advances such as CRISPR and PCR techniques, and progress in vaccine development, focusing on JYNNEOS and ACAM2000. Despite these advancements, significant challenge

Epidemiological characteristics of monkeypox virus Clade Ib in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) Clade Ib, a new MPXV subclade associated with sustained human-to-human transmission, emerged in eastern DRC in late 2023. Early spread mainly occurred among the adult population, primarily through sexual contact. We investigate how key epidemiological characteristics of the new MPXV Clade Ib outbreak in the DRC differ by transmission mode. We estimate the mean serial interval to be 8.57 days (95% CI 7.15 - 9.91 days). The serial interval is approximately four days shorter for putative sexual compared to non-sexual transmission. We estimate the mean incubation period to b…

The re-emergence and transmission of Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: the role of one health.

The Monkeypox virus, commonly abbreviated as mpox, is a viral zoonosis that is experiencing a resurgence in prevalence. It is endemic to regions of West and Central Africa that are characterized by dense forested areas. Various measures pertaining to animals, humans, and the environment have been recognized as potential factors and catalysts for the spread of the disease throughout the impacted regions of Africa. This study examines the various factors contributing to the transmission of the virus in Nigeria, with a particular focus on the animal-human and inter-human modes of transmission in …

Sources of information on monkeypox virus infection. A systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Monkeypox (Mpox) virus infection is a topic of growing interest today because of its potential public health impact and concern about possible outbreaks. Reliable and up-to-date sources of information that provide accurate data on its transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment are essential for understanding and effectively addressing this disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of sources of information on Mpox virus infection. METHODS: An exhaustive systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out using the information available

Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy.

The 2022 global mpox outbreak was driven by human-to-human transmission, but modes of transmission by sexual relationship versus sexual contact remain unclear. We evaluated sexual transmission of mpox by using monkeypox virus (MPXV) G2R-mRNA as a marker of ongoing viral replication through in vitro experiments. We analyzed clinical samples of 15 MPXV-positive patients in Italy from different biological regions by using the setup method. The presence of MPXV DNA, MPXV G2R-mRNA, or both in all analyzed lesion swab samples, independent of viral load, confirmed a higher infectivity risk from skin …

Monkeypox virus A29L protein as the target for specific diagnosis and serological analysis.

The unexpected monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak has been reported in many non-endemic countries and regions since May 2022. The mutant strains of Mpox virus (MPXV) were found with higher infectivity and greater capability for sustained human-to-human transmission, posing a significant public health threat. MPXV A29L, a protein homolog of vaccinia virus (VACV) A27L, plays an important role in viral attachment to host cell membranes. Therefore, MPXV A29L is considered the diagnostic target and the potential vaccine candidate for eliciting neutralizing antibodies and protective immune responses. In resp

Роль вакцинации пациентов с вирусом обезьяноксина человека и его сердечно-сосудистыми проявлениями.

Человеческая обезьяна, вызванная вирусом обезьяноксина (MPXV), представляет собой новое инфекционное заболевание, способное к передаче вируса от человека к человеку и различным клиническим представлениям. Хотя, как правило, она считается мягче оспы, она может привести к серьезным сердечно - сосудистым осложнениям. Вирус распространяется главным образом через контакт с инфицированными животными или через передачу вируса от человека к человеку. Сердечно-сосудистое участие в обезьяньей обезьяне редкое, но связано с миокардитом, перикардитом, аритмией аритмий и даже миокардным инфарктом. Вакцинаци

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Human monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging infectious disease with the potential for human-to-human transmission and diverse clinical presentations. While generally considered milder than smallpox, it can lead to severe cardiovascular complications. The virus primarily spreads through contact with infected animals or through human-…

Epidemiology, Virology, and Mutation Landscape of Monkeypox Virus From Past to Present.

Monkeypox (Mpox) has emerged as a significant threat to the global population. Initially identified in a rural area of Africa in 1970, after the eradication of smallpox, it spread rapidly across various African nations. The ongoing evolution of the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which causes Mpox, and its potential for cross-species transmission led to a global outbreak in 2022. Despite the control measures during the outbreak, Mpox cases continue in several African nations, posing a persistent public health threat. Global surveillance is crucial to eradicating MPXV from human populations and prevent…

Evolutionary variation of the monkeypox virus detected for the first time in Nantong, Jiangsu.

Monkeypox (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease caused by Orthopoxvirus monkeypox (MPXV), belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, and exhibits symptoms … that these findings will provide insights for future research on the evolutionary mechanisms of the monkeypox virus and the development of vaccines.

Monkeypox and chickenpox co-infection in a person living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

INTRODUCTION: The 2022 mpox global outbreak underscores the need for an improved understanding of mpox epidemiology, co-morbidities, and clinical management/outcome. We report a case of a 30-year-old Nigerian antiretroviral treatment-experienced person living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) who had PCR-confirmed mpox and chickenpox co-infection. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient presented with a generalized itchy rash of three weeks and antecedent low-grade fever. He had no recent travel, animal exposure, or same-sex relationship. Examination revealed generalized pustular and nodular e

Geographic Structuring and Divergence Time Frame of Monkeypox Virus in the Endemic Region.

BACKGROUND: Monkeypox is an emerging zoonosis endemic to Central and West Africa. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is genetically structured in 2 major clades (clades 1 and 2/3), but its evolution is poorly explored. METHODS: We retrieved MPXV genomes from public repositories and we analyzed geographic patterns using STRUCTURE. Molecular dating was performed using a using a Bayesian approach. RESULTS: We show that the population transmitted in West Africa (clades 2/3) experienced limited drift. Conversely, clade 1 (transmitted in the Congo Basin) possibly underwent a bottleneck or founder effect. Depe…

Wide mismatches in the sequences of primers and probes for monkeypox virus diagnostic assays.

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of infections is fundamental to containment of disease. Several monkeypox virus (MPV) real-time diagnostic assays have been recommended by the CDC; however, the specificity of the primers and probes in these assays for the ongoing MPV outbreak has not been investigated. We analyzed the primer and probe sequences present in the CDC recommended MPV generic real-time PCR assay by aligning those sequences against 1730 MPV complete genomes reported in 2022 worldwide. Sequence mismatches were found in 99.08% and 97.46% of genomes for the MPV generic forward and reverse p…

Virus Identification for Monkeypox in Human Seminal Fluid Samples: A Systematic Review.

Public health officials around the world are extremely concerned about the global outbreak of monkeypox (MPX), which has been claimed to have originated in Africa. As a result, studies into the origins and reasons behind the outbreak's rapid spread have been sped up. The goal of the current investigation is to determine whether the monkeypox virus (MPXV) is present in seminal fluid samples from MPX cases that have been verified. Up until 6 January 2023, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases were used to conduct a thorough evaluation of the literature. The search t…

[Isolation and Whole Genome Analysis of Monkeypox virus from a Patient with Mpox].

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic pathogen that causes mpox (monkeypox), was endemic to Africa with sporadic outbreaks. However, since May 2022, outbreaks of mpox have occurred in non-endemic regions, including the USA and Asian countries. Between May and June 2022, the mpox test (developed in 2016 by Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency) was precisely reevaluated for provision against the import and outbreak of MPXV-2022. Furthermore, on 11 July 2022, we completed the expansion of laboratory capacity for the diagnosis of mpox to 18 regional laboratories through education regarding the…