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Current use of conventional tobacco and novel products among students aged between 13 and 15 years old in Panama nationwide, Bocas del Toro health region, and Ngäbe Buglé and Guna Yala indigenous health regions: Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 2023.

Panama has the lowest overall prevalence of tobacco use in the Americas. However, rates were higher in 3 health areas compared with the national average. Since most people who smoke started during adolescence, this population must be a target of health interventions. This study assesses the current tobacco use prevalence in Bocas del Toro, Ngäbe-Buglé, Guna Yala and nationwide. The national prevalence of any tobacco product consumption was 8.5% (95% confidence intervals: 6.9%-10.6%). Ngäbe-Buglé health region had the largest prevalence of any current tobacco use 16.9% (95% confidence intervals…

Reevaluation of the type species and redescription of five species of Edessa (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae).

In accordance with the rules in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the type species for the genus Edessa Fabricius, 1803 is now recognized to be Cimex antilope Fabricius, 1798 rather than the previously recognized Cimex cervus Fabricius, 1787. Edessa antilope is redescribed, as well as the following four species that have in the past been related or compared to E. antilope: E. arabs (Linnaeus, 1758) from French Guiana, Costa Rica and Panama (new record), E. helix Erichson, 1848 from Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Suriname (new record), Guyana, Brazil (new record), Bolivia (new …

Клинические и эпидемиологические характеристики вирусных инфекций мадарьяги и венесуэльского энцефалита.

Вирус Мадариага (MADV) и венесуэльский энцефалит (VEV) появляются арбовирусы, затрагивающие сельские и отдаленные районы Латинской Америки. Вместе с тем имеются лишь ограниченные клинические и эпидемиологические отчеты, и вспышки происходят все чаще. Мы устранили этот пробел путем анализа всех имеющихся клинических и эпидемиологических данных о инфекциях MADV и VEV, зарегистрированных с 1961 года в Панаме. В период с 1961 по 2023 год в Панаме было выявлено 168 случаев альфавирусного энцефалита. Здесь мы описываем клинические признаки, симптомы и эпидемиологические характеристики этих случаев,

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Madariaga virus (MADV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) are emerging arboviruses affecting rural and remote areas of Latin Am … the available clinical and epidemiological data of MADV and VEEV infections recorded since 1961 in Panama. A total of 168 of human alphavirus encephalitis cases were detected in Panama from 1961 to 2023. Here we describe the clinical signs and symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of these cases, and also explored signs and symptoms as potential …

An efficacy trial of doxycycline chemoprophylaxis against leptospirosis.

Because leptospirosis has been an important cause of morbidity in U.S. soldiers training in the Republic of Panama, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial during the fall of 1982 to determine whether doxycycline was an effective chemoprophylactic agent against this infection. Doxycycline (200 mg) or placebo was administered orally on a weekly basis and at the completion of training to 940 volunteers from two U.S. Army units deployed in Panama for approximately three weeks of jungle training. Twenty cases of leptospirosis occurred in the placebo group (an attack…

A paleoepidemiological approach to the challenging differential diagnosis of an isolated 1500-year-old anomalous molar from Panamá.

OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to quantify the presence and prevalence of specific genetic and infectious diseases in the pre-Colombian Panamanian population and uses these data to consider the plausibility of these diseases as causative factors in the development of an abnormal supernumerary cusp morphology in a 1500-year-old isolated molar recovered from Cerro Juan Díaz (Los Santos, Panama). MATERIALS: 267 individuals from pre-Columbian sites throughout Panama. METHODS: The anomalous tooth was analyzed through macroscopic, odontometric, and radiographic means. Tentative differential diagnosis…

Species richness and niche space for temperate and tropical folivores.

We measured structural and chemical traits of the leaves of native, broad-leaved trees in two temperate localities [southern Ontario, Canada (34 species), and Missouri (36 species)] and one tropical locality [central Panama (samples of 21 and 23 species)] to test the hypothesis that the greater diversity of tree species and herbivore species in the tropics is associated with greater resource niche space for herbivores. Variables were leaf toughness, water content, dry mass per unit area, several structural and nutritional carbohydrates, common mineral elements, including nitrogen and phosphoru…

Sentinel surveillance of sexually transmitted infections/HIV and risk behaviors in vulnerable populations in 5 Central American countries.

In El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama, we recruited 2466 female sex workers (FSWs) by probabilistic or comprehensive sampling and 1418 men who have sex with men (MSM) by convenience sampling to measure sociobehavioral risk and sexually transmitted infections. For MSM, HIV seroprevalence ranged from 7.6% in Nicaragua to 15.3% in El Salvador, and estimated HIV seroincidence per 100 person-years ranged from 2.7 in Panama to 14.4 in Nicaragua; 61% reported using condoms consistently with casual male partners, 29% reported exposure to behavioral interventions, and 22% reported …

Essential medicines in Central America: Analysis of national lists, macroeconomic factors, and alignment with health priorities.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines guides countries in selecting priority drugs to ensure e … en Central American countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. These lists were compared against the 2017 WHO Model List. Therapeutic classification was based on the Anatomical, Therapeutic, and Chemical Classification (ATC) system (level 2). Macroeconomic variables, including health expenditure per capita and …

Building Programs to Eradicate Toxoplasmosis Part III: Epidemiology and Risk Factors.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Review comprehensive data on rates of toxoplasmosis in Panama and Colombia. RECENT FINDINGS: Samples and data sets from Panama and Colombia, that facilitated estimates regarding seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma and risk factors, were reviewed. SUMMARY: Screening maps, seroprevalence maps, and risk factor mathematical models were devised based on these data. Studies in Ciudad de Panamá estimated seroprevalence at between 22 and 44%. Consistent relationships were found between higher prevalence rates and factors such as poverty and proximity to water sources. Prena…

Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico.

Phylogenetic analysis of 20 strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus subtype IE isolated from 1961 to 1996 in Mexico and throughout Central America showed that VEE virus subtype IE was monophyletic with respect to other VEE virus subtypes. Nonetheless, there were at least three distinct geographically separated VEE virus IE genotypes: northwestern Panama, Pacific coast (Mexico/Guatemala), and Gulf/Caribbean coast (Mexico/Belize). Strains from the Caribbean coast of Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua may cluster with the Gulf/Caribbean genotype, but additional isolates from the reg…

Community control of scabies: a model based on use of permethrin cream.

For 18 years treatment with lindane or crotamiton products has failed to stem the epidemic of scabies among the Kuna Indians in the San Blas islands of the Republic of Panama. Permethrin 5% cream was introduced as the only treatment in a programme to control scabies on an island of 756 inhabitants and involving workers recruited locally. Prevalence fell from 33% to less than 1% after every person was treated. As long as continued surveillance and treatment of newly introduced cases was maintained, prevalence of scabies remained below 1.5% for over 3 years. When supply of medication was interru…

Dynamic of the HPV infection in uterine cervix: colposcopic findings and cyto-histological relationship.

The Author report in the large investigation in Panama people by colposcopy and cytohistological findings concerning the dynamic of the HPV infection in uterine cervix. The results confirm the absolute efficiency of the methodology in the early diagnosis prevention and therapy.

The complete genome sequence of human adenovirus 84, a highly recombinant new Human mastadenovirus D type with a unique fiber gene.

A novel human adenovirus was isolated from a pediatric case of acute respiratory disease in Panama City, Panama in 2011. The clinical isolate was initially identified as an intertypic recombinant based on hexon and fiber gene sequencing. Based on the analysis of its complete genome sequence, the novel complex recombinant Human mastadenovirus D (HAdV-D) strain was classified into a new HAdV type: HAdV-84, and it was designated Adenovirus D human/PAN/P309886/2011/84[P43H17F84]. HAdV-D types possess usually an ocular or gastrointestinal tropism, and respiratory association is scarcely reported. T…

Missed Opportunities for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Immunization in Mesoamerica: Potential Impact on Coverage and Days at Risk.

BACKGROUND: Recent outbreaks of measles in the Americas have received news and popular attention, noting the importance of vaccination to population health. To estimate the potential increase in immunization coverage and reduction in days at risk if every opportunity to vaccinate a child was used, we analyzed vaccination histories of children 11-59 months of age from large household surveys in Mesoamerica. METHODS: Our study included 22,234 children aged less than 59 months in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Child vaccination cards were used to calculate cover…

Transmission potential of Culex and Aedes species for Madariaga virus, a member of the eastern equine encephalitis virus complex.

Madariaga virus (MADV), widely distributed in Latin America, can cause severe disease in humans and equids, yet key aspects of its transmission cycle remain unclear. To identify mosquitoes that could act as vectors of MADV, we assessed the vector competence of Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. taeniorhynchus, Culex tarsalis, Cx. coronator, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, following oral exposure to MADV isolated in Panama (all species) or Brazil (Ae. taeniorhynchus only). We also evaluated temporal infection dynamics of MADV from Panama in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. MADV RNA and infectious viru…

Selection and geography shape male reproductive tract transcriptomes in Drosophila melanogaster.

Transcriptome analysis of several animal clades suggests that male reproductive tract gene expression evolves quickly. However, the factors … e reproductive tissue transcriptomes [testis and accessory gland (AG)] in samples from Maine (USA), Panama, and Zambia. We find dramatic differences between these tissues in differential expression between Maine and Panama, with the accessory glands exhibiting abundant expression differentiation and the testis exhibiting very little. Latitudinal expressi …

Temporal trends in congenital syphilis incidence per 1000 live births in the Americas.

Congenital syphilis (CS) is a significant infectious condition associated with a high social and economic burden. In the Americas, the epide … annual increase of 6.42% in CS incidence. Canada showed a continuous downward trend, while Cuba and Panama showed little change. Brazil, Paraguay, and Panama recorded the highest average incidence rates, while the other countries displayed heterogeneous temporal patterns, with periods of increase, decrease, and stabilization. These results highlight sign …

Cardiovascular activity and the antibody response to vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between cardiovascular activity in response to acute psychological stress and the antibody response to vaccination. METHODS: Fifty-seven healthy participants were vaccinated with the trivalent influenza vaccine and meningococcal A+C polysaccharides. Antibody levels were measured at baseline and 5-weeks post-vaccination. Cardiovascular activity was measured at rest, during, and following a mental arithmetic stress task in 54 participants. RESULTS: Participants demonstrating a fourfold increase in antibody titre to the A/Panama and B/Shangdong influenza s…

Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in northern Peru.

Since Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) was isolated in Peru in 1942, >70 isolates have been obtained from mosquitoes, humans, and sylvatic mammals primarily in the Amazon region. To investigate genetic relationships among the Peru VEEV isolates and between the Peru isolates and other VEEV strains, a fragment of the PE2 gene was amplified and analyzed by single-stranded conformation polymorphism. Representatives of seven genotypes underwent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The results identified four VEE complex lineages that cocirculate in the Amazon region: subtypes ID (Panama…

Infectivity of the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum to different anophelines.

Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes were much more heavily infected with the Santa Lucia strain of Plasmodium falciparum from coastal El Salvador than were any of the other species tested. Of 5 strains of A. albimanus examined, the most heavily infected was the CA-109A and the least was the Melara, both of which come from coastal El Salvador. Of the exotic anophelines, the A. maculatus was infected at a slightly higher level than was the A. balabacensis. The incidence of highly infected individual mosquitoes was greatest in the Panama-Escobal strain of A. albimanus from the Republic of Panama; the …