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Metabolic Reprogramming of Cancer Cells and Therapeutics Targeting Cancer Metabolism.

BackgroundCancer metabolism is a field focused on the unique alterations in metabolic pathways that occur in cancer cells, distinguishing them from the metabolic processes in normal cells.MethodsAn extensive review of the current literature on the metabolic adaptation of cancer cells was carried out in the current study.ResultsThe rapidly proliferating cells require high levels of molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides, along with increased energy demand (ATP). These requirements are met through alterations in the processes involving glucose, amino acid, lipid, and nu

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… . | [ 233 , 256 , 257 ] Pentostatin | Inhibitor of adenosine deaminase | Hairy cell leukaemia | Parenteral: for injection, 10 mg pentostatin (with mannitol 50 mg) | Same as thioguanine | [ 233 , 258 , 259 ] Hydroxyurea | Inhibitor of ribonucleoside reductase | CML, AML, head and neck SCC | Oral capsules … cross‐linking/alkylation | CRC | Parenteral—IV: 50–200 mg in vial powder for injection | Forms DNA cross‐linking, inhibiting DNA replication and transcription | [ 278 , 279 ] Pemetrexed | Inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase | Meso‐thelioma, NSCLC | Powder lyophilized: 500 mg; 500 mg mannitol …

Characterization of a rat model of bortezomib-induced painful neuropathy.

Background and purposeBortezomib (Velcade®) is a breakthrough treatment for multiple myeloma, significantly improving patient survival. However, its use is limited by painful neuropathy often resulting in dose reduction/cessation of first-line treatment due to lack of treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize a clinically relevant rat model of bortezomib-induced painful neuropathy, using established evoked measures and novel ethological techniques, to aid drug discovery.Experimental approachAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected i.p. with 0.1 and 0.2 mg·kg-1 bortezomib, or its

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… A vehicle solution of 0.2 mg·mL −1 D‐mannitol (Sigma, UK), in 0.9% sterile saline, was used to replicate clinical Velcade®. Animals received 0.1 or 0.2 mg·kg −1 bortezomib i.p. or an equal volume of vehicle solution on days 0, 3, 7 and 10. …

Glucocorticoids-based prodrug design: Current strategies and research progress.

Attributing to their broad pharmacological effects encompassing anti-inflammation, antitoxin, and immunosuppression, glucocorticoids (GCs) are extensively utilized in the clinic for the treatment of diverse diseases such as lupus erythematosus, nephritis, arthritis, ulcerative colitis, asthma, keratitis, macular edema, and leukemia. However, long-term use often causes undesirable side effects, including metabolic disorders-induced Cushing's syndrome (buffalo back, full moon face, hyperglycemia, etc.), osteoporosis, aggravated infection, psychosis, glaucoma, and cataract. These notorious side e

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… Modification of mannitol improved the disease targeting and therapeutic effect of ALI. Fig. 5 Representative polymer-based GCs prodrugs. (A) The synthesis scheme of PEI-Dex. Reprinted with permission [79] , copyright 2007, American Chemical Society. … treat CIA in mice; Increased drug accumulation in arthritic joints; Enhanced therapeutic effects; Reduced the side effects. | [147] Budesonide palmitate | Palmitic acid /Nanoparticle | Esterase/ Hydrolysis-activated Ester | At cellular level; | To treat LPS-induced cell inflammation; Modification of mannitol …

Treatment progress of spinal metastatic cancer: a powerful tool for improving the quality of life of the patients.

Spinal metastasis is a common secondary malignant tumor of the bone, often resulting in spinal cord and nerve root compression, leading to obvious pain and related compression symptoms. This condition has a high incidence and mortality rate. The treatment approach for most patients with spinal metastasis is primarily palliative. Consultation with a multidisciplinary team is widely accepted as a comprehensive treatment approach for patients with spinal metastases. With advancements in research and technology, the evaluation and treatment of spinal metastatic cancer are continuously evolving. Th

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… Postoperatively, the patient received mannitol (125 mL, intravenous injection, 8 tablets/h, lasting for 3 days), glucocorticoids (methylprednisolone, 200 mg/day, intravenous injection, lasting for 3 days, with a subsequent 3% every 20 days), and radiotherapy (30 Gy, 10 times/min). …

Piperine: From Green Extraction to Clinical Translation-A Review.

BACKGROUND: Piperine has diverse pharmacological and bioenhancing activities, but poor aqueous solubility, variable exposure, interaction liability, and discontinuity across production, formulation, and clinical evaluation limit translation. This review integrates these frequently separated stages. METHODS: A structured narrative PubMed search covered English-language studies published from 1 January 2021 to 27 April 2026, supplemented by ClinicalTrials.gov records checked through 13 June 2026, backward citation searching, and selected earlier seminal studies. Evidence was synthesized by expe

Casein Kinase 2 Inhibitor, CX-4945, Induces Apoptosis and Restores Blood-Brain Barrier Homeostasis in In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Glioblastoma.

Background: In oncology, casein kinase 2 (CK2), a serine/threonine kinase, has a dual action, regulating cellular processes and acting as an oncogenic promoter. Methods: This study examined the effect of CX-4945, a selective CK2 inhibitor, in a human U-87 glioblastoma (GBM) cell line, treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM) for 24 h. Similarly, the hCMEC/D3 cell line was used to mimic the blood-brain barrier (BBB), examining the ability of CX-4945 to restore BBB homeostasis, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then treated with CX-4945 (5, 10, and 15 μM). Results: We reported t

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… Effects of Mannitol and Dimethylthiourea on Helicobacter pylori-Induced IL-8 Production in Gastric Epithelial Cells Pharmacology 1999 59 201 211 10.1159/000028321 10474080 53. Kim H. Seo J.Y. Kim K.H. …

Rhabdomyolysis secondary to COVID-19 infection and vaccination: a review of literature.

Rhabdomyolysis (RML), characterized by the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers and the release of muscle contents into the bloodstream, has emerged as a notable complication associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and vaccination. Studies have reported an increased incidence of RML in individuals with severe COVID-19 infection. However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear and are believed to involve the host's immune response to the virus. Furthermore, RML has been documented as a rare adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination, particularly with mRNA vaccines. Proposed

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… Diuretics like mannitol can reduce muscle swelling and hypovolemia. Traditional medicines like bicarbonate therapy and dextrose-insulin are used for managing hyperkalemia ( 30 ). Hemodialysis is effective for managing electrolyte imbalances. …

Management of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell-associated toxicities.

The use of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells is a significant therapeutic improvement increasing the prognosis for patients with a variety of hematological malignancies. However, this therapy has also sometimes life-threatening, complications. Therefore, knowledge of the treatment and management of these complications, especially in treatment centers and intensive care units, respectively, is of outstanding importance. This review provides recommendations for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of CAR-T cell-associated complications such as cytokine release syndrome, immune effect

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… Intracranial pressure (ICP) should be kept < 20 mmHg, with a target cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of 60–70 mmHg, and elevated ICP can be reduced with mannitol or moderate hyperventilation. [ 32 ]. …

Cancer Therapy-Induced Encephalitis.

Encephalitis associated with cancer therapies is a rare but serious complication that can significantly impact patients' quality of life and it requires prompt identification and management. Over the past two decades, immunotherapy-particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors-has become a cornerstone of cancer treatment, with up to half of metastatic cancer patients in economically developed countries now receiving these therapies. The widespread adoption of immunotherapy has led to improved survival rates and long-term remissions, even in patients with advanced metastatic disease. However, as im

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… CSF opening pressure ≥ 20 mmHg: High dose corticosteroids (methylprednisolone IV 1g/d); elevate the head end of patient’s bed to 30°; hyperventilation to achieve a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) of 28–30 mmHg, but maintained for no longer than 24 h; hyperosmolar therapy with mannitol …

Overview of nutritional approach in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: COVID-19 update.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a high-risk procedure. The novelty of COVID-19 has created more uncertainty during all phases of HSCT. It is thought that HSCT patients taking immunosuppressive agents are more likely to contract COVID-19 than healthy individuals are. Appropriate care precautions should be taken with patients undergoing HSCT to minimize the risk of COVID-19, and appropriate treatment methods must be followed in patients infected with COVID-19. Malnutrition has become a signifi

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… It is crucial to avoid foods containing sugar and alcohol such as chewing gums (mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, etc. ). Increasing water-soluble fiber intake from sources such as applesauce, bananas, peaches, white rice and pasta is recommended[ 52 ]. …

Bortezomib: the evidence of its clinical impact in multiple myeloma.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple myeloma is a relatively common and incurable form of hematologic malignancy for which there is currently no single standard therapy. Bortezomib inhibits the 20S proteasome involved in the degradation of intracellular proteins, induces apoptosis, reverses drug resistance in multiple myeloma cells, and influences their microenvironment by blocking cytokine circuits, cell adhesion and angiogenesis in vivo. AIMS: The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence for the use of bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma. EVIDENCE REVIEW: In patients with relapse

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… It is available for intravenous injection as a sterile lyophilized powder in single-dose vials containing 3.5 mg bortezomib and 35 mg mannitol, USP. The lyophilized powder drug product is reconstituted with 0.9% NaCl to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL before injection. …

Резюме АОКНМБ и СНМИКС 2025

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The Emerging Role of Oncolytic Virotherapy in Glioblastoma Management.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and common form of central nervous system primary malignant tumor in adults. GBM accounts for about half of all gliomas. Despite maximal resection, radiotherapy, and temozolomide, median survival is still 12-15 months because of tumor heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, and therapeutic resistance. Recurrence is nearly universal, underscoring the need for novel therapies. Oncolytic virotherapy demonstrates a promising strategy that combines direct tumor cell lysis with immune activation. Tumor-selective viruses replicate within malignant cells, induce cell d

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… Intra-arterial infusion with osmotic agents such as mannitol has shown feasibility, although procedural risks remain [ 135 , 136 ]. Systemic delivery innovations, including nanocarriers and exosome-based transport, are being investigated to complement local approaches. …

Diseases of the Nervous System

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New hopes and challenges in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) confined to the central nervous system. Most of the patients eventually develop relapsed/refractory (R/R) PCNSL, and the overall prognosis for PCNSL remains dismal. Recently, gene sequencing, transcriptome sequencing, and single-cell sequencing platforms have provided a large amount of data revealing the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and drug resistance in PCNSL, including the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in tumor cells, tumor heterogeneity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Ad

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… A multicenter study conducted to assess the disruption of the BBB by using intra-arterial injection of mannitol followed by intra-arterial MTX treatment resulted in an ORR of 81.9%, a CR rate of 57.8%, and an OS of 3.1 years ( 93 ). …

CAR-T cell therapies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a brief report on the clinical trial landscape, current status, and future perspectives.

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) are chronic inflammatory disorders where B cells play a key role. Traditional B-cell-targeted therapies have limitations, whereas CAR-T-cell therapy, which aims for a broader reset of the B-cell compartment by targeting B-cell surface markers such as CD19 or B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), has unique advantages. Currently, most CAR-T cell trials for ARDs are in the early stages, with 64.29% (36/56 trials) of studies being phase I trials and only 7.14% (4/56 trials) progressing to phase II trials, primarily focusing on conditions, such as systemic lupus er

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… Seizures should be treated with antiepileptic drugs such as levetiracetam, whereas cerebral edema may require osmotic therapy (e.g., mannitol or hypertonic saline) ( 51 ). Importantly, unlike CRS, tocilizumab is not effective for ICANS ( 52 ). …

ADMET-Guided Design and In Silico Planning of Boron Delivery Systems for BNCT: From Transport and Biodistribution to PBPK-Informed Irradiation Windows.

BNCT (Boron Neutron Capture Therapy) is a binary radiotherapeutic modality in which high LET (Linear Energy Transfer) particles are generated from 10B(n,α)7Li reaction, ideally within boron-loaded tumour cells, so the therapeutic outcome depends critically on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of boron carriers. In this review, boron-containing agents for BNCT, with a focus on ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) and model-informed design, were examined. Low-MW (low-molecular-weight) compounds, peptide conjugates, polymeric and nanostructured platforms and

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… BBB/BTB permeability for therapeutic drugs can be modified by osmotic mannitol-induced opening of endothelial tight junctions. …

Экстренные ситуации в гематологии: Почему, когда и как я лечусь?

Гематологические чрезвычайные ситуации являются критическими медицинскими условиями, требующими неотложного внимания в силу их быстрого развития и опасного для жизни характера. В качестве примера можно привести гиперкальцемию, которая часто ассоциируется с раком, таким как множественная миелома, что может привести к серьезной неврологической и сердечной дисфункции. Гиперлейкоцитоз, распространенный в острой миэлоидной лейкемии, повышает риск лейкостаза и многоорганического отказа. Кислородный кризис, обычное осложнение серповидноклеточной болезни, является результатом вазооккуляции, приводящей

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… In severe cases, osmotic agents like mannitol may be administered to reduce cerebral edema [ 124 ]. A brief representation for the management of CRS is reported in Table 7 . 11. …

The Role of Purported Mucoprotectants in Dealing with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Diarrhea, and Other Chronic Diarrheal Disorders in Adults.

Chronic diarrhea is a frequent presenting symptom, both in primary care medicine and in specialized gastroenterology units. It is estimated that more than 5% of the global population suffers from chronic diarrhea. and that about 40% of these subjects are older than 60 years. The clinician is frequently faced with the need to decide which is the best therapeutic approach for these patients. While the origin of chronic diarrhea is diverse, impairment of intestinal barrier function, dysbiosis. and mucosal micro-inflammation are being increasingly recognized as underlying phenomena characterizing

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… Claudin-2 expression results in increased paracellular Na + and K + conductance and water flux without any effect on Cl − conductance or paracellular flux of larger solutes, including mannitol, lactulose, and 4 kD dextran[ 51 ]. …

Microorganisms Associated with the Marine Sponge Scopalina hapalia: A Reservoir of Bioactive Molecules to Slow Down the Aging Process.

Aging research aims at developing therapies that delay normal aging processes and some related pathologies. Recently, many compounds and extracts from natural products have been shown to slow aging and/or extend lifespan. Marine sponges and their associated microorganisms have been found to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites; however, those from the Southwest of the Indian Ocean are much less studied, especially regarding anti-aging activities. In this study, the microbial diversity of the marine sponge Scopalina hapalia was investigated by metagenomic analysis. Twenty-s

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… g), Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) (BD Difco TM , Le Pont de Claix, France), R2A (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), SCAM (maize starch (Fisher Chemical, Loughborough, UK) 10 g, casein (VWR Chemicals, Leuven, Belgium) 1 g, sea salts 30 g), SFM (soybean flour (La Vie Claire, Montagny, France) 20 g, mannitol …