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An altered spinal serotonergic system contributes to increased thermal nociception in an animal model of depression.

The olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat, an animal model of chronic depression with comorbid anxiety, exhibits a profound dysregulation of the brain serotonergic signalling, a neurotransmission system involved in pain transmission and modulation. We here report an increased nociceptive response of OB rats in the tail flick test which is reverted after chronic, but not acute, administration of fluoxetine. Autoradiographic studies demonstrated down-regulation of 5-HT transporters ([(3)H]citalopram binding) and decreased functionality of 5-HT1A receptors (8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding) i…

Endogenous ω-3 fatty acids in Fat-1 mice attenuated depression-like behaviors, spatial memory impairment and relevant changes induced by olfactory bulbectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Olfactory bulbectomy (OB) induced behaviors, hypercortisolism, inflammation and neurotrophin dysfunctions are similar to those observed in depressed patients. Omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can effectively treat depression via anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, n-3 PUFA purities, caloric contents, and ratios in different diets often cause contradictive results. This study used Fat-1 mice, which can convert n-6 to n-3 PUFAs in the brain, to study the effect of n-3 PUFAs on OB-induced behaviors and related changes. METHODS: Fat-1 and wild-type l…

Role of interleukin-1beta in postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: Although postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) often complicates recovery from major surgery, the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. We explored whether systemic inflammation, in response to surgical trauma, triggers hippocampal inflammation and subsequent memory impairment, in a mouse model of orthopedic surgery. METHODS: C57BL/6J, knock out (lacking interleukin [IL]-1 receptor, IL-1R(-/-)) and wild type mice underwent surgery of the tibia under general anesthesia. Separate cohorts of animals were tested for memory function with fear conditioning tests, or euthanized at di

Retrovirally delivered Islet-1 increases recruitment of Ng2 expressing cells from the postnatal SVZ into the striatum.

Neural stem and progenitor cells hold the promise to be used in cell-based therapies to treat both acute and degenerative neurological diseases. To date, most research has been focused on the use of in vitro propagated stem cells used as a source of cells in cell replacement therapies. However, mobilization of endogenous neural stem cells to generate a specific differentiated cell type offers an attractive alternative. In this study, we investigate the possibility to direct the formation of specific cells from the endogenous stem and progenitor cells residing in the subventricular region of th

Myc-induced T cell leukemia in transgenic zebrafish.

The zebrafish is an attractive model organism for studying cancer development because of its genetic accessibility. Here we describe the induction of clonally derived T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in transgenic zebrafish expressing mouse c-myc under control of the zebrafish Rag2 promoter. Visualization of leukemic cells expressing a chimeric transgene encoding Myc fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that leukemias arose in the thymus, spread locally into gill arches and retro-orbital soft tissue, and then disseminated into skeletal muscle and abdominal organs. Leukemic cell

МРТ корреляции депрессии и тревоги при множественном склерозе.

Множественный склероз (MS) является нейродегенеративным и хроническим воспалительным заболеванием, которое часто ассоциируется с психиатрической коморбидией, особенно депрессией и тревогой, которые играют важную роль в инвалидности, когнитивной дисфункции и качестве жизни. Растущие данные свидетельствуют о том, что симптомы воздействия в MS связаны не только с психосоциальным бременем, но и со структурными и функциональными аномалиями в мозге, которые могут быть выявлены с помощью магнитного резонансного изображения (MRI). МЕТОДЫ: Был проведен систематический поиск базы данных в целях выявлени

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… . - Reduced connectivity in PCC (DMN) - Increased connectivity in anterior cingulate and SN regions Overlap between depression and cognitive impairment networks 2016 | Yaldizli et al. [ 53 ] | N/A | CES-D | 1.5 T T1w, PD/T1w | Olfactory bulb volume WM lesion load | Reduced olfactory bulb volume. … Additionally, depression severity has been linked to reduced olfactory bulb volume in patients with progressive MS [ 53 ]. …

Multifunctional Actions of Ninjinyoeito, a Japanese Kampo Medicine: Accumulated Scientific Evidence Based on Experiments With Cells and Animal Models, and Clinical Studies.

Herbal medicines are currently employed for the treatment of several types of diseases, and also employed for the improvement of Quality of Life (QOL) of patients over the world, in particular, in Asian countries. In Japan, a Japanese herbal medicine namely kampo medicine has been prescribed for the improvement of QOL of patients. Ninjinyoeito (NYT), composed of 12 herbal plants, is one of kampo medicines and used for helping recovery of diseases and improving several symptoms that suffer patients such as anemia, anorexia and fatigue. Recent scientific research approaches to kampo medicines wi

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… With olfactory bulb lesions injured by Zinc sulfate perfusion, Song investigated the effects of NYT on brain monoamine and NGF ( 16 ). … Effects of Ninjin-yoei-to (Rensheng-Yangrong-Tang), a Kampo medicine, on brain monoamine and nerve growth factor contents in mice with olfactory bulb lesions. J Traditional Med. (2001) 18:64–70. 17. McGrath K, Palis J. Ontogeny of erythropoiesis in the mammalian embryo. …

Inhibition of Cxcr4 chemokine receptor signaling improves habituation learning in a zebrafish model of neurofibromatosis.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a neurogenetic disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene neurofibromin 1 (NF1). NF1 encodes neurofibromin, a multifunctional tumor-suppressing protein that regulates Ras, cAMP and dopamine signaling. NF1 predisposes patients to a wide range of symptoms, including peripheral nerve tumors, brain tumors and cognitive dysfunction. Despite considerable work using animal models to investigate the role of neurofibromin in behavior, translating research into treatment for NF1-associated cognitive dysfunction has not yet been successful. Here, we provid

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… Interestingly, the olfactory bulb showed decreased levels of pERK in both wild-type and nf1 mutant larvae treated with plerixafor ( Fig. 3C-E ; Table 4 ). … This is consistent with studies of larval zebrafish and adult mice showing Cxcr4 mRNA is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb ( Förster et al., 2017 ; Stumm et al., 2002 ). However, this result is unlikely to be related to regulation of acoustic startle responses. …

Липидированные мезофорные наночастицы, нагруженные тимокиноном, в качестве нового метода лечения аутоиммунного энцефаломиелита у крыс.

AIMS: Пересечение мозгового барьера (BBB) по-прежнему является серьезной проблемой для доставки терапевтических агентов в центральную нервную систему. Цель этого исследования состояла в том, чтобы оценить потенциал новых наноформуляционных силикатных силиканочастиц (MSN), покрытых липидным двуслойным слоем (LB), с тем чтобы повысить уровень доставки и потенциальное ремиелионирующее воздействие тимокинона (TQ). МЕТОДЫ: Составы характеризовались микроскопией передачи электронов и динамическим рассеиванием света для определения потенциала зета и размера частиц. Экспериментальная аутоиммунная энце

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… bulb Microscopic examination of the control group revealed typical histological structures of the olfactory bulb’s cellular layers. … TQ-treated rats showed reduced glial reaction in all olfactory bulb layers ( c ), with individual mitral cell necrosis ( d ). LB-MSN-treated rats showed mild gliosis in the ONL and EPL ( e ), with a focal area of demyelination comprising the ONL ( f ). …

Erythropoietin plus insulin-like growth factor-I protects against neuronal damage in a murine model of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders.

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to neurological debilitation, including motor dysfunction and frank dementia. Although pharmacological control of HIV infection is now possible, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain intractable. Here, we report that chronic treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) protects against HIV/gp120-mediated neuronal damage in culture and in vivo. METHODS: Initially, we tested the neuroprotective effects of various concentrations of EPO, IGF-I, or EPO+IGF-I from gp120-induce

Платеже-Rich Plasma-Derived Exosom Olficy Инъекции для лечения травматического обесценения

Фон: В последнее время для лечения травматической обонятельной дисфункции, связанной с болезнью коронавируса, использовались носовые инъекции плазмы с высоким содержанием тромбоцитов (РРП). 2019. Однако в настоящее время экзосомы, получаемые из плазмы, богатой тромбоцитами, становятся ключевыми факторами, влияющими на активность ПРП, и, по сравнению с ПРП, характеризуются высокой устойчивостью и минимальной иммуногенностью. Представление дела: Мы описали случай 27-year-old женщина, которая потеряла свою обонятельную функцию после того, как ударилась головой 8 июль 2022. Анализ запаха показал п

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… Her brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that her bilateral olfactory bulbs were injured ( Figure 1 ). She was treated with zinc gluconate (10mg, three times a day) along with OT, which used 4 separate bottles of PEA, lemon, eucalyptus, and clove oil. …

Лекарства, модифицирующие течение болезни, связаны с улучшением обонятельной функции через взаимодействие клеток NK и микробиоты при множественной склерозе.

ЦЕЛЬ: изучение связей носовой микробиоты с терапией, изменяющей заболевания (ДМТ), подмножеством лимфоцитов и функцией обоняния в множестве склерозов (МС). МЕТОДЫ: Thirty больные с синдромом MS и 30 Были приняты меры по контролю за здоровым здоровьем (ЗП) в разбивке по возрасту и полу. Пациенты были отнесены к категории пациентов, проходящих лечение по линии ДМТ (MS[DMT+]), или к категории пациентов, не прошедших лечение (MS[DMT-). Оличественная функция оценивалась с помощью теста на идентификацию запаха Пенсильванского университета (UPSIT). Подмножества лимфоцитов измерялись с помощью цитомет

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… Abnormalities may occur at multiple sites along the olfactory pathway, and both olfactory bulb atrophy and neuroinflammation have both been reported in patients with MS ( 8 ). …

NKCC1 knockdown decreases neuron production through GABA(A)-regulated neural progenitor proliferation and delays dendrite development.

Signaling through GABA(A) receptors controls neural progenitor cell (NPC) development in vitro and is altered in schizophrenic and autistic individuals. However, the in vivo function of GABA(A) signaling on neural stem cell proliferation, and ultimately neurogenesis, remains unknown. To examine GABA(A) function in vivo, we electroporated plasmids encoding short-hairpin (sh) RNA against the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 (shNKCC1) in NPCs of the neonatal subventricular zone in mice to reduce GABA(A)-induced depolarization. Reduced GABA(A) depolarization identified by a loss of GABA(A)-induced cal

Болезнь Альцгеймера (AD) в множестве склерозов (MS): систематический обзор опубликованных случаев, механистические связи между AD и MS и возможная клиническая оценка AD в MS.

Фон: Болезнь Альцгеймера (AD) и множественный склероз (MS) являются двумя неврологическими расстройствами, которые могут создавать огромное бремя для качества жизни человека. В связи с появлением новых методов лечения, которые существенно увеличивают продолжительность жизни, возможно, наблюдается рост распространенности АД среди пожилых пациентов с НР. Цель: На основе предыдущего обзора, посвященного сосуществованию MS-AD, этот обзор был направлен не только на расширение круга поиска литературы, но и на изучение возможных механистических связей между клиническими маркерами MS и AD. Методы: мы

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… Therefore, olfactory testing is imperative and can be beneficial for most patients with MS. 73 , 74 A study by Deluca et al. (2015) found that olfactory bulb and tract demyelination were present in 70.6% of the 17 MS patients that were sampled postmortem. 75 While this may support that there is …

Rare Diseases of the Nose, the Paranasal Sinuses, and the Anterior Skull Base.

Due to their low incidence and thus resulting limited diagnostic criteria as well as therapeutic options, rare diseases of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and the anterior skull base are a significant challenge. The value as of which a disease has to be considered as rare amounts to a maximum of 5 patients per 10 000 people. Within these diseases, however, there are extreme differences. Some rare or orphan diseases like for example the inverted papilloma belong to regularly diagnosed and treated diseases of larger departments of oto-rhino-laryngology whereas other rare diseases and malformati

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… The origin is a developmental disorder of the olfactory bulb that may occur on one or both sides 19 . Another possible genesis may be the replacement of olfactory epithelium by respiratory epithelium which lines the nasal cavity. … In addition, affected patients suffer from hyposmia or anosmia (in cases of hypoplasia or aplasia of the olfactory bulb) that indicates an interrupted embryonic migration of the GnRH synthesizing neurons of the olfactory epithelium into the area of the hypothalamus. …

Intranasal insulin for improving cognitive function in multiple sclerosis.

Cognitive impairment is common in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). There is an urgent need to identify/develop novel therapies that can help cognitive function in MS. Insulin is critical for helping with regulation of multiple CNS functions, including learning and memory. Insulin administrated intranasally has shown to improve memory and learning in healthy people and in those with some neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, there was rationale for investigating intranasal insulin in PwMS who experience cognitive impairment. We completed a phase Ib/II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-cont

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… There are insulin receptors throughout the brain, with robust concentrations located in eloquent areas including the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. …

Оптимизированная внутриназальная доставка сегестерона ацетатата в мозг с использованием наноэмульсии и микроэмульсии.

Segesteron aцетат (SA) является селективным и мощным агонистом рецептора прогестерона с потенциальным применением в лечении неврологических заболеваний, таких, как множественный склероз и инсульт. В этом исследовании микроэмульсия (МЭ) и three Наноэмульсии (NEs) с целевой концентрацией SA 0.48 Мг/г были разработаны для интраназального администрирования и подробно описаны в отношении их физико-химических свойств, устойчивости, антимикробной активности и безопасности (на первичных кортикальных клетках, тесте на яйцеклетки Hen/s, модели MucilAirTM и на крысах). Измерялись уровни плазмы и SA мозга

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… The intranasal route also takes advantage of the direct anatomical connection between the nasal cavity and olfactory bulbs, allowing a direct diffusion or transport of drugs to the brain through the olfactory nerve pathway. …

α2-3-sialylated Гликосфинголипиды при нейроинфламмации, иммунитете и запрограммированной смерти клеток: механистические доказательства и регулирование в зависимости от контекста: всеобъемлющий обзор.

α2-3-sialylated glycosphingolids (α2)3-GSLs) являются основными составляющими нейронных мембран и липидных плотов, где они формируют сепарацию рецепторов, комплекс сигналов и связь с клетками. Однако их биологическое воздействие варьируется в зависимости от молекулярного подтипа, типа клеток, стадии заболевания, концентрации и местной микроокружающей среды. В настоящем обзоре обобщены данные о перепончатых изменениях в α2-3-GSL профили и их связи с нейроинфламмацией, иммунной реакцией, протеостазом и запрограммированной клеточной смертностью через болезнь Паркинсона, болезнь Альцгеймера, болез

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… To date, GD3 has been shown to improve neurogenesis only in the olfactory bulb of A53T α-Syn-transgenic mice; evidence that it induces functional dopaminergic neurogenesis and circuit integration in the nigrostriatal pathway remains insufficient ( 44 ). … neural stem/progenitor cells | Adult neurogenesis and potential proteostasis regulation | Combined treatment was associated with reduced α-Syn expression and improved olfactory-bulb neurogenesis | Combined intranasal administration in A53T α-Syn-transgenic mice | Tier 2—Preliminary in vivo evidence; …

State of the Art of Pharmacological Activators of p53 in Ocular Malignancies.

The pivotal role of p53 in the regulation of a vast array of cellular functions has been the subject of extensive research. The biological activity of p53 is not strictly limited to cell cycle arrest but also includes the regulation of homeostasis, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. Thus, mutations in the p53 gene with loss of function represent one of the major mechanisms for cancer development. As expected, due to its key role, p53 is expressed throughout the human body including the eye. Specifically, altered p53 signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of conjunctival

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… Characterization by Gene Expression Analysis of Two Groups of Dopaminergic Cells Isolated from the Mouse Olfactory Bulb Biology 2023 12 367 10.3390/biology12030367 36979058 PMC10045757 94. Ogundele O.M. Sanya O.J. … Bax modulates neuronal survival while p53 is unaltered after Cytochrome C induced oxidative stress in the adult olfactory bulb in vivo Ann. Neurosci. 2015 22 19 25 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220105 26124546 PMC4410523 95. Fatt M.P. Cancino G.I. Miller F.D. …

New understanding of the damage of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside the respiratory system.

Since early December 2019, a number of pneumonia cases associated with unknown coronavirus infection were identified in Wuhan, China, and many additional cases were identified in other regions of China and in other countries within 3 months. Currently, more than 80,000 cases have been diagnosed in China, including more than 3000 deaths. The epidemic is spreading to the rest of the world, posing a grave challenge to prevention and control. On February 12, 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the World Health Organization officially named the novel coronavirus and associa

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… Based on the unique anatomical structure of olfactory nerves and olfactory bulb, it becomes a channel between the nasal epithelium and the CNS. In the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the respiratory system, Olfactory tract becomes an important channel for virus transmission to brain. …