Результаты поиска

Glycemic control after brain injury: boon and bane for the brain.

Hyperglycemia is a common phenomenon in the early phase of brain injury (BI). The management of blood glucose levels after BI, however, is subject of a growing debate. The occurrence of elevated blood glucose concentrations is linked to increased mortality and worse neurologic outcomes indicating the necessity for therapeutic glucose-lowering. Intensive glucose-lowering therapy, on the other hand, inevitably results in an increased rate of hypoglycemic episodes with detrimental effects on the injured brain. In this review, we give an overview on the current knowledge about causes and pathophys…

Brains in context in the neurolaw debate: the examples of free will and "dangerous" brains.

Will neuroscience revolutionize forensic practice and our legal institutions? In the debate about the legal implications of brain research, free will and the neural bases of antisocial or criminal behavior are of central importance. By analyzing frequently quoted examples for the unconscious determinants of behavior and antisocial personality changes caused by brain lesions in a wider psychological and social context, the paper argues for a cautious middle position: Evidence for an impending normative "neuro-revolution" is scarce and neuroscience may instead gradually improve legal practice in…

The effect of intraventricular trajectory on brain shift in deep brain stimulation.

BACKGROUND: Brain shift during deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery may compromise target localization. Loss of cerebrospinal fluid is believed to be the underlying mechanism, thus an intraventricular trajectory during DBS surgery may be associated with increased shift, in addition to other complications, such as intraventricular hemorrhage. OBJECTIVE: We set out to assess the effect of traversing the lateral ventricle on brain shift during DBS surgery. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 65 pre- and postoperative MR images of patients who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus …

[Stereotactic brain biopsy in the diagnosis of focal brain lesions in AIDS].

Focal brain lesions are frequent complications among HIV/AIDS patients. Between January 1999 and May 2007, 83 procedures of stereotactic brain biopsies in HIV/AIDS patients with focal cerebral lesions were carried out. The inclusion criteria were lack of response to current diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for brain lesions. All the samples underwent microscopic evaluation during surgery to assert valid material and delayed histopathological and microbiological examination. Forty one patient images demonstrated multiple brain lesions. Sixty two cases had supratentorial localization, 4 les…

The influence of mild body and brain hypothermia on ischemic brain damage.

The influence of brain and body temperature on ischemic brain damage, notably on the density and distribution of selective neuronal vulnerability, was studied in SPF-Wistar rats subjected to 15 min of forebrain ischemia induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries combined with arterial hypotension (50 mm Hg) in a room air environment. In one group of animals, the body temperature was maintained at 37 degrees C but no attempt was made to prevent heat losses from the ischemic brain; i.e., the head was not heated during ischemia. Under those conditions the temperature of the cau…

Intrahemispheric gradients of brain tissue pressure in patients with brain tumours.

The authors report on 14 patients in whom cerebral tissue pressure was recorded after operation for brain tumours. Cerebral tissue pressure was recorded by a 5 French catheter with two microtransducers. The transducers were placed intraoperatively in the wall of the tumour cavity and in a distance of approximately 2.5 cm. Differences between both pressures from 4 to 28 mmHg were observed. They were higher in patients with glioblastomas and meningiomas than in patients with intracranial metastases. In 7 patients proximal tissue pressure was higher than distal. In 4 patients the contrary was obs…

Glucose transporter of the blood-brain barrier and brain in chronic hyperglycemia.

The effect of chronic hyperglycemia on the glucose transporter moiety of the blood-brain barrier and cerebral cortex was studied in rats 3 weeks after the administration of a single intravenous dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), using specific [3H]cytochalasin B binding methods. Streptozotocin-treated rats developed hyperglycemia, as well as polydipsia and polyuria, and failed to gain weight. The density of D-glucose-displaceable cytochalasin B binding sites in the brain microvessels of streptozotocin-treated hyperglycemic rats was increased by about 30% compared with those of control rats, wi…

Sex differences in brain volumes and psychological distress: The first hundred brains cohort of the longitudinal adolescent brain study.

Neurodevelopment during early childhood and adolescence are recognised as critical periods, with potential life-long lasting impacts on mental health and wellbeing. The time-frame of these neurodevelopmental changes also correspond to one in five individuals aged 9-17 years old being diagnosed with a mental health condition. Furthermore, sex-based differences in the diagnosed prevalence of mental health conditions are also well characterised and can be leveraged to differentiate development of brain structures between sexes throughout childhood and adolescence. During adolescence, early observ…

Stretch in brain microvascular endothelial cells (cEND) as an in vitro traumatic brain injury model of the blood brain barrier.

Due to the high mortality incident brought about by traumatic brain injury (TBI), methods that would enable one to better understand the underlying mechanisms involved in it are useful for treatment. There are both in vivo and in vitro methods available for this purpose. In vivo models can mimic actual head injury as it occurs during TBI. However, in vivo techniques may not be exploited for studies at the cell physiology level. Hence, in vitro methods are more advantageous for this purpose since they provide easier access to the cells and the extracellular environment for manipulation. Our pro…

The epidemiology of headache among children with brain tumor. Headache in children with brain tumors. The Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium.

In this report we present aspects of the epidemiology of headache (i.e., pain in the head, face, ear, or neck) among children with brain tumors. The data are derived from the 3,291 subjects in the Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium databank. Overall, 62% of the children with brain tumors experienced chronic or frequent headaches prior to their first hospitalization: 58% of children with supratentorial tumors and 70% of children with infratentorial tumors. The relative frequency of headache increased through age 7 and then leveled off regardless of tumor location. For children under age 5, headac…

The effects of sodium bicarbonate on brain blood flow, brain water content, and blood-brain barrier in the neonatal dog.

To explore the relationship between cerebral hemorrhage in the newborn and administration of sodium bicarbonate, we gave a standard dose of sodium bicarbonate (5 mEq/kg) to neonatal dogs and then assessed changes in cerebral blood flow, brain water content, and the blood-brain barrier. This dose of sodium bicarbonate produced no increase in blood pressure or cerebral blood flow and no alteration in blood-brain barrier. However, infusion of sodium bicarbonate did cause hyperosmolality and hypernatremia and a significant decrease in brain water content. Cerebral hemorrhage in the neonate associa…

Strategic modulation to avoid radiation toxicities for brain integrity (SMART-BRAIN).

BACKGROUND: Patients with medulloblastoma require craniospinal irradiation (CSI) to optimize disease control; however, cranial irradiation i … region, cortical surface, or posterior fossa, supporting potential omission of remaining non-target-brain (NTB, e.g. white matter tracts, thalami). The novel CTV_2340 included these regions with a 1 mm brain expansion. All proton-based plans achieved appropriate target coverage. Median whole brain volumes were 1317.1 cc (range: 1116.0-1442.1), reflectin …

Optimized Brain Functional MRI for Patients With Deep Brain Stimulation Systems.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established neuromodulation therapy for Parkinson disease and other neurological disorders. Active DBS-functional MRI (fMRI) enables visualization of circuit engagement and may provide objective biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy, yet susceptibility artifacts compromise data quality. The aim of this study was to develop optimized blood oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI protocols for DBS patients by adjusting operator-accessible parameters to mitigate susceptibility artifacts while preserving image quality. METHODS: In vitro t…

Microbiome Gut-Brain-Axis: Impact on Brain Development and Mental Health.

The current discovery that the gut microbiome, which contains roughly 100 trillion microbes, affects health and disease has catalyzed a boom in multidisciplinary research efforts focused on understanding this relationship. Also, it is commonly demonstrated that the gut and the CNS are closely related in a bidirectional pathway. A balanced gut microbiome is essential for regular brain activities and emotional responses. On the other hand, the CNS regulates the majority of GI physiology. Any disruption in this bidirectional pathway led to a progression of health problems in both directions, neur…

Bridging brain and lung: optimizing mechanical ventilation in acute brain injury.

Optimizing mechanical ventilation in patients with acute brain injury (ABI) presents a complex clinical challenge, requiring a delicate balance between minimizing secondary cerebral injury and preventing ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The intricate interplay between respiratory and cerebral physiology mandates an individualized approach to ventilatory management. Core goals include maintaining normoxia and normocapnia to avert cerebral ischemia from hypoxia or hypocapnia while avoiding intracranial hypertension associated with hypercapnia. However, evidence guiding the ideal tidal volu…

Prioritizing brain Metabolism: Evidence from brain temperatures of severe underweight individuals.

OBJECTIVE: Severe and prolonged underweight can lead to a hypometabolic state and hormonal adaptations that reduce body temperature often found in Anorexia Nervosa (AN). However, the effect of these changes on brain temperature remains unclear. We aimed to investigate whether brain temperature remains stable despite lower body temperature in a severe underweight state, testing the hypothesis that the brain prioritizes its own energy needs during periods of food deprivation. METHOD: We collected magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measurements from 30 female patients with acute Anorexia Nerv…

Ось Гут-Брэйна и взаимодействие мозга с помощью микробиома с медицинской точки зрения.

Фон: кишечный микробиом непосредственно влияет на здоровье и активность мозга, что означает, что они тесно связаны между собой. Эта взаимосвязь предполагает наличие связи между микробными диспропорциями и болезнями, такими, как болезнь Альцгеймера, хотя здесь также играют свою роль и многочисленные другие факторы, способствующие этому, такие, как генетика. Кроме того, недавние исследования показали, что цереброспинальная жидкость содержит микробную дезоксирибонуклеиновую кислоту (ДНК), которая может быть истолкована как означающая наличие микробиома в мозгу. Вагустный нерв и центральная нервна

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Background: The gut microbiome directly impacts brain health and activity, meaning the two are closely associated. This relationship suggests a link between microbial imbalances and diseases such as Alzheimer's, although multiple other contributing factors, such as genetics, also play a part. Additionally, recent studies discovered that cerebrospinal fluid h…

Neuromodulation techniques - From non-invasive brain stimulation to deep brain stimulation.

Over the past 30 years, the field of neuromodulation has witnessed remarkable advancements. These developments encompass a spectrum of techniques, both non-invasive and invasive, that possess the ability to both probe and influence the central nervous system. In many cases neuromodulation therapies have been adopted into standard care treatments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) are the most common non-invasive methods in use today. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), spinal cord stimulation (SCS), …

Brain asymmetries from mid- to late life and hemispheric brain age.

The human brain demonstrates structural and functional asymmetries which have implications for ageing and mental and neurological disease development. We used a set of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics derived from structural and diffusion MRI data in N=48,040 UK Biobank participants to evaluate age-related differences in brain asymmetry. Most regional grey and white matter metrics presented asymmetry, which were higher later in life. Informed by these results, we conducted hemispheric brain age (HBA) predictions from left/right multimodal MRI metrics. HBA was concordant to conventional…