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Multi-Valent Protein Hybrid Pneumococcal Vaccines: A Strategy for the Next Generation of Vaccines.

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a bacterial pathogen known to colonize the upper respiratory tract and cause serious opportunistic diseases such as pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis. As a consequence, millions of attributable deaths occur annually, especially among infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Although current vaccines, composed of purified pneumococcal polysaccharide in free form or conjugated to a protein carrier, are widely used and have been demonstrated to be effective in target groups, Spn has continued to colonize and cause life-threatening diseas…

Использование опыта применения вакцин от папилломавируса человека при разработке вакцин против хламидиотрахомата.

Хламидиотрахоматис (Ct), наиболее часто встречающаяся бактериальная инфекция, передающаяся половым путем (ИППП), приводит к воспалительным заболеваниям таза, бесплодию и эктической беременности у женщин. В этом контексте мы обсуждаем успешную вакцину от папилломавируса человека (ВПЧ) в качестве тематического исследования, направленного на разработку вакцины Ct. Охватываемые области: Иммунологическая основа защиты, обеспечиваемой вакциной против ВПЧ, заключается в высоком уровне реагирования на антитела в течение длительного времени на гениталиях, что обеспечивает иммунитет от стерилизации. Эти

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI), leads to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertilit … ody levels is due to the multivalent structure of HPV VLPs, (3) major challenges exist in designing vaccines that elicit appropriate effector T cells in the genital tract. We then discuss the possibility of antibody-based immunity for Ct. Expert commentary: In this Perspective, we present a case for developing antibody-eliciting vaccines, similar to the HP …

Marek's disease vaccines: Current status, and strategies for improvement and development of vector vaccines.

Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative viral disease of chickens, which has been controlled through vaccination since 1969. MD vaccines protect against tumors but do not provide sterilizing immunity, and thus it is generally believed that their use has contributed to increase virulence of field strains with the ability to cause MD in vaccinated chickens. Traditional methods of developing vaccines, like cell culture attenuation, have proved unsuccessful for the development of improved vaccines to protect against highly virulent MD virus (MDV) field strains. With the advent of recombinant…

Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines.

The first scientific attempts to control an infectious disease can be attributed to Edward Jenner, who, in 1796 inoculated an 8-year-old boy with cowpox (vaccinia), giving the boy protection against subsequent challenge with virulent smallpox. Thanks to the successful development of vaccines, many major diseases, such as diphtheria, poliomyelitis and measles, are nowadays kept under control, and in the case of smallpox, the dream of eradication has been fulfilled. Yet, there is a growing need for improvements of existing vaccines in terms of increased efficacy and improved safety, besides the …

Anaphylaxis rates associated with COVID-19 vaccines are comparable to those of other vaccines.

We retrieved data on 8940 anaphylaxis cases post-COVID-19 vaccination from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and the European EudraVigilance from week 52/2020 through week 31/2021 and compared them with those of other vaccines. Overall, 837,830,000 COVID-19 vaccine doses were delivered in the US and Europe during the study period, for which the vaccine name was known. The mean anaphylaxis rate was estimated at 10.67 cases per 106 doses of COVID-19 vaccines (range: 7.99-19.39 cases per 106 doses depending on the vaccine). COVID-19 vaccines ranked fifth in reported anaphylaxis rates,…

Influence of oral polio vaccines on performance of the monovalent and pentavalent rotavirus vaccines.

In recent years, two live, oral rotavirus vaccines have been successfully tested in developing and industrialized countries, and both vaccines are now recommended by the World Health Organization for all children worldwide. Both immunogenicity and efficacy of these rotavirus vaccines has been lower in developing compared to industrialized settings. We reviewed the data on the effect of trivalent OPV on the immunogenicity and efficacy of two rotavirus vaccines currently recommended by the WHO. While rotavirus vaccines have not affected immune responses to OPV, in general, the immune responses (…

Translational mini-review series on vaccines: Development and evaluation of improved vaccines against tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major global health disaster, despite the widespread use of BCG and effective drug therapies. The development of an efficacious new TB vaccine would be an important component of disease control in the future. Many approaches are being utilised to enhance understanding of the requirements of a successful vaccine. Numerous vaccines are being designed and assessed in a series of animal models, with a few progressing to clinical trials. Here, the steps involved in the development and evaluation of TB vaccines will be discussed, including description of the most …

The hunt for new tuberculosis vaccines: anti-TB immunity and rational design of vaccines.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains to be a leading infectious cause of death worldwide. Apparently, the current BCG vaccine that has been used for 80 years, has failed to control the TB epidemic. Hunting for improved TB vaccine formulations represents a daunting task to TB research community. Anti-TB host defense requires T cell-mediated immunity and we are in desperate need of enhanced understanding of how to develop a new generation of TB vaccines that are able to provoke potent and long-lasting protective cell-mediated immunity, different from almost all of the vaccines currently in use. It is of im…

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF TWO DRIED INACTIVATED TYPHOID VACCINES (VACCINES K AND L).

This paper reports on studies of the physical and chemical properties of dried acetone-inactivated and heat-phenol-inactivated typhoid vaccines (vaccines K and L respectively) which have been tested in controlled field trials in British Guiana and Yugoslavia. Determinations of nitrogen, dry weight, moisture and salt contents were made in Washington and Copenhagen. Eight laboratories collaborated in opacity determinations on the reconstituted vaccines.

Compact polyethylenimine-complexed mRNA vaccines.

Here we describe formulations comprising individual, polymer-complexed self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) molecules, designed for vaccination against infectious diseases and other prophylactic and therapeutic applications. When exposed to a large excess of the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI), the single saRNA molecules in solution reorganize from an extended to a globular organization, characterized by a high packing density, low polymer mass fraction and, consequently, a very small size of the polyplex nanoparticles of about 30 nm. This format of PEI-complexed saRNA exhibits enhanced biologi

Conserved antigens for enteric vaccines.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Shigella, and Campylobacter have been identified as major causes of diarrheal diseases worldwide. I … lished to identify conserved antigens against each of these pathogens so that now relatively simple vaccines have the potential to be developed into multi-pathogen vaccines which could have a major impact on reduction of diarrheal diseases. Conserved antigens may be used even more efficiently if consolidated and expressed on a cellular vector or as part of …

Pertussis vaccines, epidemiology and evolution.

Pertussis, which is caused by Bordetella pertussis, has plagued humans for at least 800 years, is highly infectious and can be fatal in the unvaccinated, especially very young infants. Although the rollout of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines in the 1940s and 1950s was associated with a drastic drop in incidence, concerns regarding the reactogenicity of wP vaccines led to the development of a new generation of safer, acellular (aP) vaccines that have been adopted mainly in high-income countries. Over the past 20 years, some countries that boast high aP coverage have experienced a resurgence i…

Development of mRNA rabies vaccines.

Rabies, primarily transmitted to humans by dogs (accounting for 99% of cases). Once rabies occurs, its mortality rate is approximately 100%. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is critical for preventing the onset of rabies after exposure to rabid animals, and vaccination is a pivotal element of PEP. However, high costs and complex immunization protocols have led to poor adherence to rabies vaccinations. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new rabies vaccines that are safe, highly immunogenic, and cost-effective to improve compliance and effectively prevent rabies. In recent years, mR…

Malaria Vaccines: Progress to Date.

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Despite significant declines in malaria-attributa … um, the deadliest of the human malaria parasites. It is well recognised that more effective malaria vaccines are needed. In this review, we discuss malaria vaccine candidates that have progressed into clinical evaluation and highlight the most advanced candidates: Sanaria's irradiated sporozoite vaccine (PfSPZ Vaccine), the chemoattenuated sporozoite vacci …

mRNA vaccines against respiratory viruses.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The successes of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines have accelerated the development of mRNA vaccines against other respiratory pathogens. The aim of this review is to highlight COVID-19 mRNA vaccine advances and provide an update on the progress of mRNA vaccine development against other respiratory pathogens. RECENT FINDINGS: The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines demonstrated effectiveness in preventing severe COVID-19 and death. H7N9 and H10N8 avian influenza mRNA vaccines have demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in phase 1 clinical trials. Numerous seasonal in…