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Curcumin and Its Derivatives as Anticancer Agents in Head and Neck Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Preclinical Evidence

Head and neck cancer (HNC), particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), remains a major clinical challenge due to its aggressive behavior, high recurrence rates, and frequent resistance to conventional therapies. Natural compounds, especially curcumin and its derivatives, have gained increasing attention as potential anticancer agents due to their ability to target multiple molecular pathways involved in tumor progression. This review critically evaluates the current preclinical and translational evidence supporting curcumin and its derivatives as monotherapeutic agents in HNC, with part

Oleocanthal as a Multifunctional Anti-Cancer Agent: Mechanistic Insights, Advanced Delivery Strategies, and Synergies for Precision Oncology.

Oleocanthal (OC), a secoiridoid phenolic compound exclusive to extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), has emerged as a promising nutraceutical with multifaceted anti-cancer properties. Despite its well-characterized anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, the mechanistic breadth and translational potential of OC in oncology remain underexplored and fragmented across the literature. This comprehensive review synthesizes and critically analyzes recent advances in the molecular, pharmacological, and translational landscape of OC's anti-cancer activities, providing an integrative framework to bridge pr

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… Understanding this dietary framework helps contextualize OC’s bioavailability, absorption, and real-world impact, as dietary fat enhances polyphenol uptake by facilitating micelle formation and lymphatic transport [ 35 ]. … Amphiphilic OC derivatives can self-assemble into micelles (10–50 nm) under physiological conditions, enabling real-time tracking. …

Current Advances in Coptidis Rhizoma for Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers.

Cancer is a serious disease with an increasing number of reported cases and high mortality worldwide. Gastrointestinal cancer defines a group of cancers in the digestive system, e.g., liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer. Coptidis Rhizoma (C. Rhizoma; Huanglian, in Chinese) is a classical Chinese medicinal botanical drug for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and has been shown to have a wide variety of pharmacological activity, including antifungal, antivirus, anticancer, antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, and cardioprotective effects. Recent studies on C. Rhizoma present sig

Regulation of immunogenic cell death and potential applications in cancer therapy.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD), a type of regulatory cell death, plays an important role in activating the adaptive immune response. Activation of the tumor-specific immune response is accompanied by the cell surface exposure of calreticulin and heat-shock proteins, the secretion of adenosine triphosphate, and the release of high mobility group box-1. In this review, we summarize and classify the latest types of ICD inducers and their molecular mechanisms, and discuss the effects and potential applications of inducing ICD by chemotherapy drugs, targeted drugs, and oncolytic viruses in clinical r

Targeting Non-coding RNA for Glioblastoma Therapy: The Challenge of Overcomes the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of all primary brain tumors, and it is responsible for around 200,000 deaths each year worldwide. The standard therapy for GBM treatment includes surgical resection followed by temozolomide-based chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. With this treatment, the median survival rate of GBM patients is only 15 months after its initial diagnosis. Therefore, novel and better treatment modalities for GBM treatment are urgently needed. Mounting evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have critical roles as regulators of gene expression. Long non-coding

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… Many NPs have been proposed for the systemic delivery of RNAi-based molecules, including liposomes, polymeric NPs, micelles, dendrimers, artificial DNA nanostructures, silica NPs, nanotubes, metal NPs (mostly, Fe-, Au, and Se-based), and quantum dots, among many others ( 85 – 90 ). …

Molecular and cellular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: an update.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in muscle mass and it occurs when protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis. Potential triggers of muscle wasting are long-term immobilization, malnutrition, severe burns, aging as well as various serious and often chronic diseases, such as chronic heart failure, obstructive lung disease, renal failure, AIDS, sepsis, immune disorders, cancer, and dystrophies. Interestingly, a cooperation between several pathophysiological factors, including inappropriately adapted anabolic (e.g., growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1) and catabolic pr

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… Indeed, several in vitro experiments [ 225 ] support the neutralizing effects of lipopolysaccharide by cholesterol micelles. The latter may at least partially explain for the unexpectedly improved outcome in CHF patients with elevated plasmalipids [ 226 ]. …

Integrating CRISPR/Cas technology with clinical trials: Principles, progress and challenges.

CRISPR represent a groundbreaking genome-editing technology that has revolutionized genetic modification. This innovative tool offers an unparalleled revolution in the future treatment of genetic disorders, neurological diseases, infectious diseases and cancer. Despite the rapid expansion of CRISPR applications, its clinical use in humans is still relatively limited, with only 69 active clinical trials and 6 completed studies reported so far. This review examined current clinical trials and their processes in addressing various diseases via the CRISPR/Cas system. While earlier literatures have

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… Doxorubicin-loaded micelles in tumor cell-specific chemotherapy. Environ Res. 2023;227 121. Ebrahimi N., Manavi M.S., Faghihkhorasani F., Fakhr S.S., Baei F.J., Khorasani F.F., et al. Harnessing function of EMT in cancer drug resistance: a metastasis regulator determines chemotherapy response. …

Co-Encapsulation of Multiple Antineoplastic Agents in Liposomes by Exploring Microfluidics.

The inherent complexity of cancer proliferation and malignancy cannot be addressed by the conventional approach of relying on high doses of a single powerful anticancer agent, which is associated with poor efficacy, higher toxicity, and the development of drug resistance. Multiple drug therapy (MDT) rationally designed to target tumor heterogeneity, block alternative survival pathways, modulate the tumor microenvironment, and reduce toxicities would be a viable solution against cancer. Liposomes are the most suitable carrier for anticancer MDT due to their ability to encapsulate both hydrophil

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… A plethora of nanoparticles are under investigation for biomedical applications, such as micelles, lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, polymer–drug conjugates, nanocages, and many more [ 51 ]. …

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Algae-Derived Compounds in Hematological Malignancies.

Algae are a rich source of bioactive compounds that have a wide range of beneficial effects on human health and can show significant potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. These diseases often pose a therapeutic challenge despite recent advances in treatment (e.g., the use of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, CD38 monoclonal antibodies, stem cell transplant, and targeted therapy). A considerable number of patients experience relapses or resistance to the applied therapies. Algal compounds, alone or in combination

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… When loaded with SN38 micelles (a chemotherapeutic agent) and labeled with antibodies targeting cancer cells, the artificial biosilica showed excellent results. …

Traditional Chinese medicine as a cancer treatment: Modern perspectives of ancient but advanced science.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced for thousands of years and at the present time is widely accepted as an alternative treatment for cancer. In this review, we sought to summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive and therapeutic activity of TCM, especially that of the Chinese herbal medicine-derived phytochemicals curcumin, resveratrol, and berberine. Numerous genes have been reported to be involved when using TCM treatments and so we have selectively highlighted the role of a number of oncogene and tumor suppressor genes in TCM therapy. I

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… Curcumin micelles remodel tumor microenvironment and enhance vaccine activity in an advanced melanoma model . Mol Ther . 2016 ; 24 : 364 ‐ 374 . 26334519 10.1038/mt.2015.165 PMC4817807 170 Sholl L . Molecular diagnostics of lung cancer in the clinic . …

Piperine: From Green Extraction to Clinical Translation-A Review.

BACKGROUND: Piperine has diverse pharmacological and bioenhancing activities, but poor aqueous solubility, variable exposure, interaction liability, and discontinuity across production, formulation, and clinical evaluation limit translation. This review integrates these frequently separated stages. METHODS: A structured narrative PubMed search covered English-language studies published from 1 January 2021 to 27 April 2026, supplemented by ClinicalTrials.gov records checked through 13 June 2026, backward citation searching, and selected earlier seminal studies. Evidence was synthesized by expe

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… Mishra et al reported that piperine-encapsulated casein micelles significantly reduced Aβ(1-42)-induced oxidative stress, restored mitochondrial homeostasis, and improved neuronal viability compared to free piperine. …

An expanding horizon of complex injectable products: development and regulatory considerations.

There has been a constant evolution in the pharmaceutical market concerning the new technologies imbibed in delivering drug substances for various indications. This is either market-driven or technology-driven to improve the overall therapeutic efficacy and patients' quality of life. The pharmaceutical industry has experienced rapid growth in the area of complex injectable products because of their effectiveness in the unmet market. These novel parenteral products, viz, the nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, suspensions, and emulsions, have proven their worth as "Safe and Effective" produ

Research Progress on Chinese Herbal Medicine Components Targeting Ferroptosis for Cancer Therapy.

Recent studies indicate that ferroptosis shows unique advantages in oncotherapy, particularly in reversing multidrug resistance (MDR). Despite current therapeutic advancements, the treatment of high-incidence malignancies with dismal prognoses continues to face challenges, including limited clinical efficacy, significant side effects, and drug resistance. In recent years, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has gained increasing attention in anti-tumor therapy. CHM bioactive components are highly effective in inducing tumor cell ferroptosis, inhibiting tumor proliferation and migration, and reversin

Antibody and aptamer-based therapies for osteoarthritis: Application of antibodies and promise of aptamers.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative inflammatory joint disease with progressive loss of articular cartilage that undermines patients' quality of life. There are no regulatory-approved, disease-modifying OA medications, despite a great deal of studies done to elucidate OA pathogenesis. Until now, OA pharmacological treatment focused mainly on generalized inhibition of inflammation and pain. Currently, monoclonal antibodies and nucleic-acid aptamers emerge as targeted therapies offering potential alternatives by addressing the complex challenges posed by OA, such as specifically reducin

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… Gold nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, micelles, polymer NPs, mesoporous silica, and dendrimers have all been employed to modify aptamers for use as drug carriers. 20 Figure 3 Targeted treatment for OA using functionalized nanocarriers with aptamers specific to cells type To show the target therapy function …

JAK/STAT Signaling: Molecular Targets, Therapeutic Opportunities, and Limitations of Targeted Inhibitions in Solid Malignancies.

JAK/STAT signaling pathway is one of the important regulatory signaling cascades for the myriad of cellular processes initiated by various types of ligands such as growth factors, hormones, and cytokines. The physiological processes regulated by JAK/STAT signaling are immune regulation, cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis and hematopoiesis of myeloid and non-myeloid cells. Dysregulation of JAK/STAT signaling is reported in various immunological disorders, hematological and other solid malignancies through various oncogenic activation mutations in receptors, downstream mediators, and a

Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials and Aloe vera on Melanomas-Where Are We? Recent Updates.

Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that affects approximately 140,000 people worldwide each year, with a high fatality rate. Available treatment modalities show limited efficacy in more severe cases. Hence, the search for new treatment modalities, including immunotherapies, for curing, mitigating, and/or preventing cancer is important and urgently needed. Carbon nanoparticles associated with some plant materials, such as Aloe vera, have shown appealing antineoplastic activity, derived mainly from the compounds aloin, aloe-emodin, barbaloin acemannan, and octapeptide, thus representing new p

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… The most commonly used nanomaterials in these nanoformulations are liposomes, dendrimers, CNTs, inorganic NPs, micelles, magnetic NPs, and CQDs [ 18 , 92 , 93 , 112 , 151 ]. …

Recent Advances in Understanding the Mechanisms of Elemene in Reversing Drug Resistance in Tumor Cells: A Review.

Malignant tumors are life-threatening, and chemotherapy is one of the common treatment methods. However, there are often many factors that contribute to the failure of chemotherapy. The multidrug resistance of cancer cells during chemotherapy has been reported, since tumor cells' sensitivity decreases over time. To overcome these problems, extensive studies have been conducted to reverse drug resistance in tumor cells. Elemene, an extract of the natural drug Curcuma wenyujin, has been found to reverse drug resistance and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Mechanisms by which elemene rever

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… Drug delivery systems have been developed to transport chemotherapeutics to the tumor cell, such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanogels, polymer drug conjugates, powders, dendrimers, micelles, and hydrogels [ 86 , 87 ]. …

Renaissance of Traditional Mineral Drugs in Cancer: Advanced Delivery Strategies and Bioengineering Approaches.

Traditional mineral drugs represent an underexploited reservoir of natural antitumor agents; however, their clinical translation has historically been hindered by poor bioavailability, non-specific biodistribution, and dose-limiting toxicity. This review comprehensively examines the pharmacological mechanisms and modern formulation strategies driving the renaissance of mineral-based oncology therapeutics. We highlight how mineral drugs exert potent anticancer effects through interconnected pathways, including regulated cell death (e.g., apoptosis, ferroptosis), cell-cycle arrest, and immunomod

Marine-Derived Compounds: A New Horizon in Cancer, Renal, and Metabolic Disease Therapeutics.

Marine-derived compounds represent a rich source of structurally diverse molecules with therapeutic potential for cancer, renal disorders, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and atherosclerosis. This review systematically evaluates recent advances, highlighting compounds such as Microcolin H, Benzosceptrin C, S14, HN-001, Equisetin, glycosides (e.g., cucumarioside A2-2), ilimaquinone, and Aplidin (plitidepsin). Key mechanisms include autophagy modulation, immune checkpoint inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects, and mitochondrial homeostasis. Novel findings reveal glycosides' dua

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… Nanoparticulate delivery systems, such as liposomes or polymeric micelles, could improve tumor targeting and reduce systemic exposure, addressing pharmacokinetic limitations [ 116 ]. …

Drug-induced oxidative stress in cancer treatments: Angel or devil?

Oxidative stress (OS), defined as redox imbalance in favor of oxidant burden, is one of the most significant biological events in cancer progression. Cancer cells generally represent a higher oxidant level, which suggests a dual therapeutic strategy by regulating redox status (i.e., pro-oxidant therapy and/or antioxidant therapy). Indeed, pro-oxidant therapy exhibits a great anti-cancer capability, attributing to a higher oxidant accumulation within cancer cells, whereas antioxidant therapy to restore redox homeostasis has been claimed to fail in several clinical practices. Targeting the redox