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New approach to biosensing of co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by incorporation of neutral red in aluminum doped nanostructured ZnO thin films.

Biosensing of NADH on bare electrodes has drawbacks such as high over-potential and poisoning during the oxidation reaction. To overcome this challenge a different approach has been undertaken by incorporating neutral red (NR) in Al doped ZnO (AZO) thin films using one-pot chemical bath deposition (CBD). The surface morphology of the films was hexagonal nanorods along the c-axis, perpendicular to the substrate. The thickness of the thin films were ranging from 400 to 3000nm varying dependent on time of deposition (30 to 150min). The average diameter of the nanorods was larger in the presence o

A PEDF N-terminal peptide protects the retina from ischemic injury when delivered in PLGA nanospheres.

The neuroprotective effects of small pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) peptides injected intravitreally as free peptides or delivered in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres, were tested in retinal ischemic injury. We induced transient ischemia in C57BL/6 mice by elevating the intraocular pressure to the equivalent of 120 mmHg for 60 min, then injected these eyes with one of the following: PBS, full-length native PEDF, N-terminal peptides-PEDF(136-155) and PEDF(82-121), blank PLGA nanospheres or PLGA loaded with PEDF(82-121) (PLGA-PEDF(82-121)). Morphometric analysis and TUNEL

[Recent advances on bioaffinity fishing technology for discovery of active components from natural products].

Natural products have consistently served as an invaluable source for novel drug development， and the efficient and targeted screening of bi … th real-time activity monitoring and imaging； and other emerging materials such as graphene， carbon nanotubes， and paper-based substrates. Each material system is evaluated regarding its preparation， advantages， limitations， and representative applications in fishing active ingredients from natural products. Regarding immobilization strategies， the review c …

Exosomes released by K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells promote angiogenesis in a Src-dependent fashion.

Exosomes, microvesicles of endocytic origin released by normal and tumor cells, play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Angiogenesis has been shown to regulate progression of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The mechanism through which this happens has not been elucidated. We isolated and characterized exosomes from K562 CML cells and evaluated their effects on human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Fluorescent-labeled exosomes were internalized by HUVECs during tubular differentiation on Matrigel. Exosome localization was perinuclear early in differentiation, moving peripher

What is the Reason That the Pharmacological Future of Chemotherapeutics in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Could Be Most Closely Related to Nanostructures? Platinum Drugs in Therapy of Non-Small and Small Cell Lung Cancer and Their Unexpected, Possible Interactions. The Review.

Over the course of several decades, anticancer treatment with chemotherapy drugs for lung cancer has not changed significantly. Unfortunately, this treatment prolongs the patient's life only by a few months, causing many side effects in the human body. It has also been proven that drugs such as Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin and others can react with other substances containing an aromatic ring in which the nitrogen atom has a free electron group in its structure. Thus, such structures may have a competitive effect on the nucleobases of DNA. Therefore, scientists are looking not only for

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… of the carbon-based ones, there are nanotubes, 406–418 rhombellans. 260 , 419–421 The wide variety of nanostructures means that Platinum-based drugs can be located both on the surface of nanostructures, eg fullerenes and nanotubes, and inside, eg liposomes and nanotubes. … Protein Nanotubes Protein nanotubes are nanotubes made of peptide and/or protein fragments that have been connected, for example, by self-assembly or by creating a pulsed electric field. Compared to classic nanotubes, they are more biocompatible and biodegradable. …

Effects of Carbon Nanomaterials and Aloe vera on Melanomas-Where Are We? Recent Updates.

Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that affects approximately 140,000 people worldwide each year, with a high fatality rate. Available treatment modalities show limited efficacy in more severe cases. Hence, the search for new treatment modalities, including immunotherapies, for curing, mitigating, and/or preventing cancer is important and urgently needed. Carbon nanoparticles associated with some plant materials, such as Aloe vera, have shown appealing antineoplastic activity, derived mainly from the compounds aloin, aloe-emodin, barbaloin acemannan, and octapeptide, thus representing new p

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… Tubular NPs are termed carbon nanotubes; horn-shaped particles are known as nanohorns, and the spherical or ellipsoid NPs belong to the fullerene group [ 85 ]. … Carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), crystalline diamond, and diamond-like carbon, possess outstanding electrochemical properties, which have led to a broad set of applications. …

From Nanoparticles to Cancer Nanomedicine: Old Problems with New Solutions.

Anticancer nanomedicines have been studied over 30 years, but fewer than 10 formulations have been approved for clinical therapy today. Despite abundant options of anticancer drugs, it remains challenging to have agents specifically target cancer cells while reducing collateral toxicity to healthy tissue. Nanocompartments that can be selective toward points deeply within malignant tissues are a promising concept, but the heterogeneity of tumor tissue, inefficiency of cargo loading and releasing, and low uniformity of manufacture required from preclinical to commercialization are major obstacle

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… Carbon Nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes (CNT), widely used as nanocarriers, are characterized by the unique structure with the rolling of a single (SWCNTs—single-walled carbon nanotubes) or multi (MWCNTs—multiwalled carbon nanotubes) sheet of graphite with an enormous surface area and an excellent electronic … Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered carbon nanotube radiotracers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006;103:3357–3362. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509009103. 86. O’Neill P., Rothemund P.W., Kumar A., Fygenson D.K. Sturdier DNA nanotubes via ligation. …

Communication in the Cancer Microenvironment as a Target for Therapeutic Interventions.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex system composed of multiple cells, such as non-cancerous fibroblasts, adipocytes, immune and vascular cells, as well as signal molecules and mediators. Tumor cells recruit and reprogram other cells to produce factors that maintain tumor growth. Communication between cancerous and surrounding cells is a two-way process and engages a diverse range of mechanisms that, in consequence, can lead to rapid proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance, or can serve as a tumors-suppressor, e.g., through tumor-immune cell interaction. Cross-talk within the

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… These dynamic interplays effectively enable the exchange of cellular cargos over short or long (tunnel nanotubes) distances. For instance, via tunnel nanotubes, mitochondria can be donated from one cell to another in two directions. … Tunneling Nanotubes and Tumor Microtubes in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:857. doi: 10.3390/cancers12040857. 48. Drab M., Stopar D., Kralj-Iglic V., Iglic A. Inception Mechanisms of Tunneling Nanotubes. Cells. 2019;8:626. doi: 10.3390/cells8060626. 49. …

Взаимодействие с Мозгом: Как нанотехнология может способствовать.

Соединение искусственных устройств с человеческим мозгом является главной целью нейротехнологий. Однако наше воображение часто ограничивается существующими парадигмами и технологиями. Со временем, наряду с имеющейся технологией, изменились предложения в отношении интерфейсов мозга и автомата. Механические рычаги и кабельные лебедки использовались для перемещения частей мозга в механическую эпоху. Сложное электронное проводка и дистанционное управление возникли в эпоху электронной связи, что в конечном счете привело к созданию компьютерных интерфейсов. Тем не менее, наши мозги настолько сложны,

Current Landscape and Future Directions in Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapies, Trials, and Challenges.

Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, placing immense burdens on individuals and healthcare systems. Despite advancements in traditional treatments, significant limitations persist, including treatment resistance, severe side effects, and disease recurrence. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging the immune system to target and eliminate tumour cells. However, challenges such as immunotherapy resistance, patient response variability, and the need for improved biomarkers limit its widespread success. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the curr

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… Researchers have developed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with various chemical groups to improve solubility, biocompatibility, targeting ability, and release mechanisms for the genetic material [ 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 ]. … Jin et al. [ 220 ] indicated that nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and polymeric micelles have shown considerable benefits in drug design, enhancing the delivery of therapeutic agents while minimising systemic toxicity. …

Developments in nanotechnology approaches for the treatment of solid tumors.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer therapy by introducing advanced drug delivery systems that enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing adverse effects. By leveraging various nanoparticle platforms-including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles-researchers have improved drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Additionally, new nanodevices are being engineered to respond to specific physiological conditions like temperature and pH variations, enabling controlled drug release and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Beyond drug delivery, nanotechnology pla

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… CNT, carbon nanotube; NPs, nanoparticles; RES, reticuloendothelial system; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles; TiO2, titanium dioxide. … Another triggered release strategy involves thermoacoustic therapy combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes for deep-seated tumors. …

Multifunctional Nanoparticles Encapsulating Astragalus Polysaccharide and Gold Nanorods in Combination with Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a noninvasive method to produce thermal and mechanical destruction along with an immune-stimulatory effect against cancer. However, FUS ablation alone appears insufficient to generate consistent antitumor immunity. In this study, a multifunctional nanoparticle was designed to boost FUS-induced immune effects and achieve systemic, long-lasting antitumor immunity, along with imaging and thermal enhancement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and gold nanorods (AuNRs) were constructed by a simple

Differential ERK activation during autophagy induced by europium hydroxide nanorods and trehalose: Maximum clearance of huntingtin aggregates through combined treatment.

Accelerating the clearance of intracellular protein aggregates through elevation of autophagy represents a viable approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In our earlier report, we have demonstrated the enhanced degradation of mutant huntingtin protein aggregates through autophagy process induced by europium hydroxide nanorods [EHNs: Eu(III)(OH)3], but the underlying molecular mechanism of EHNs mediated autophagy was unclear. The present report reveals that EHNs induced autophagy does not follow the classical AKT-mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways. The inhibition of ERK1/2 phosp

A Recent Review on Cancer Nanomedicine.

Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases globally and is the second major cause of death in the United States. Despite the continuous efforts to understand tumor mechanisms and various approaches taken for treatment over decades, no significant improvements have been observed in cancer therapy. Lack of tumor specificity, dose-related toxicity, low bioavailability, and lack of stability of chemotherapeutics are major hindrances to cancer treatment. Nanomedicine has drawn the attention of many researchers due to its potential for tumor-specific delivery while minimizing unwanted side effects

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… CNTs can be classified into single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), depending on the number of graphene sheets. … Carbon nanotubes in drug delivery: Focus on anticancer therapies J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2020 59 101892 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101892 119. Elhissi A. Ahmed W. Hassan I.U. Dhanak V. D’Emanuele A. Carbon nanotubes in cancer therapy and drug delivery J. …

Dihydrobaicalein suppresses osteoclast differentiation and mitochondrial transfer to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis.

BACKGROUND: Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a prevalent metabolic bone disorder driven primarily by excessive osteoclast (OC) activation and enhanced bone resorption. The current therapeutic agents for PMOP remain limited by adverse effects associated with long-term use, underscoring the need for novel pharmacological alternatives with favorable safety profiles. Dihydrobaicalein (DIH), a polyhydroxylated flavanone compound, has demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities,yet its therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action in PMOP treatment re

Уникальные диагностические и терапевтические функции порфиринов и фтальокянинов в области фотодинамической терапии, визуализации и термостимы.

Порфиринические молекулы играют уникальную тераностическую роль в лечении болезней; они используются для отображения, обнаружения и лечения различных форм заболевших тканей, в том числе в связи с возрастной маркулярной дегенерацией и рядом различных видов рака. В настоящее время основное внимание уделяется клинической съемке опухолей; целенаправленной доставке фотосенитеров и потенциалу фотоэнцедентов в мультимодальных биомедицинских наноплатформах. В настоящем Обзоре подчеркиваются роли порфириновых молекул в области съемки и пдта, а также исследования по совершенствованию их селективного пог

Functionalized Folic Acid-Conjugated Amphiphilic Alternating Copolymer Actively Targets 3D Multicellular Tumour Spheroids and Delivers the Hydrophobic Drug to the Inner Core.

Engineering of a "smart" drug delivery system to specifically target tumour cells has been at the forefront of cancer research, having been engineered for safer, more efficient and effective use of chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer. However, selective targeting and choosing the right cancer surface biomarker are critical for a targeted treatment to work. Currently, the available delivery systems use a two-dimensional monolayer of cancer cells to test the efficacy of the drug delivery system, but designing a "smart" drug delivery system to be specific for a tumour in vivo and to penetrat

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… This pH dependency is consistent with the changes observed where the self-assembled nanotube conformation changes to random individual chains when exposed to a low pH environment. 3.2. … In an acidic tumour microenvironment, these nanotubes change their conformation into individual chains thereby effectively releasing their cargo. …

Progress of Cancer Nanotechnology as Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Theranostics Nanomedicine: Preclinical Promise and Translational Challenges.

Early detection, right therapeutic intervention, and simultaneous effectiveness mapping are considered the critical factors in successful cancer therapy. Nevertheless, these factors experience the limitations of conventional cancer diagnostics and therapeutics delivery approaches. Along with providing the targeted therapeutics delivery, advances in nanomedicines have allowed the combination of therapy and diagnostics in a single system (called cancer theranostics). This paper discusses the progress in the pre-clinical and clinical development of therapeutics, diagnostics, and theranostics canc

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… multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated with manganese oxide and polyethylene glycol exhibited high photothermal conversion efficiency. … Studies have also shown that non-spherical NPs (like nanotubes, nanodisks, nanoworms, etc.,) are comparatively proved to be the more efficient-target delivery agents than spherical nanoparticles [ 49 , 50 ]. …

Nanoparticle-Based RNAi Therapeutics Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Update and Prospective.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are characterized by intrinsic self-renewal and tumorigenic properties, and play important roles in tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to diverse forms of anticancer therapy. Accordingly, targeting signaling pathways that are critical for CSC maintenance and biofunctions, including the Wnt, Notch, Hippo, and Hedgehog signaling cascades, remains a promising therapeutic strategy in multiple cancer types. Furthermore, advances in various cancer omics approaches have largely increased our knowledge of the molecular basis of CSCs, and provided numerous novel targ

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… Carbon nanotubes exhibit specific physical properties (structural, electronic, optical, and magnetic properties) that render them innovative materials for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. … They can be either composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). …

[Simultaneous screening of pesticides and mycotoxins in dried goji berries and mulberries by QuEChERS-liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry].

Goji berries and mulberries are susceptible to pest and pathogen invasion due to their high sugar content and the impact of growth environme … of primary secondary amine （PSA）， 100 mg of octadecylsilane （C18）， and 5 mg of multi walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs）. The supernatant was dried under nitrogen， and the residue was reconstituted in 1.0 mL of a methanol-water solution （3∶2， volume ratio）， homogenized by ultrasonication， and filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane prior to analysis. Separation w …