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Skin cancer: understanding the journey of transformation from conventional to advanced treatment approaches.

Skin cancer is a global threat to the healthcare system and is estimated to incline tremendously in the next 20 years, if not diagnosed at an early stage. Even though it is curable at an early stage, novel drug identification, clinical success, and drug resistance is another major challenge. To bridge the gap and bring effective treatment, it is important to understand the etiology of skin carcinoma, the mechanism of cell proliferation, factors affecting cell growth, and the mechanism of drug resistance. The current article focusses on understanding the structural diversity of skin cancers, tr

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… A complex nanoconstruct with increased tumor targeting and anti-melanoma activities against a melanoma cell line (A375) in vitro was made using a single-walled carbon nanotube carrier and zinc monoamino phthalocyanine, which was additionally connected to folic acid [ 183 ]. … To present, numerous NPAs, including metal nanomaterials (gold and platinum), semiconductor nanomaterials (copper), nanomaterials made of carbon (graphene and carbon nanotubes), and conduction of polymers (polyaniline and polypyrrole), have been created for improved PTT-based cancer treatment [ 198 – …

Outcome of transforaminal epidural steroid injection for lumbar radiculopathy: initial three-year experience at Upendra Devkota Memorial-National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Nepal.

INTRODUCTION: Additional risk minimisation measures (aRMMs) for medicinal products are necessary to address specific important safety issues which may not be practically achieved through routine risk management measures alone. The implementation and determination of effectiveness for aRMMs can be a challenge as it involves multiple stakeholders. It is therefore important to have concise objectives to avoid undue burden on patients, healthcare professionals and the healthcare system. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine how aRMMs are implemented and how effectiveness is assessed in the Eu

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… Electrochemical Biosensor [ 60 ] TiO 2 nanotubes were synthesized by employing a low cost, simple, and one step electrochemical anodization of G1 grade titanium. … Electrochemical Biosensor [ 60 ] | TiO 2 nanotubes were synthesized by employing a low cost, simple, and one step electrochemical anodization of G1 grade titanium. …

Additive Manufacturing for Occupational Hygiene: A Comprehensive Review of Processes, Emissions, & Exposures.

This comprehensive review introduces occupational (industrial) hygienists and toxicologists to the seven basic additive manufacturing (AM) process categories. Forty-six articles were identified that reported real-world measurements for all AM processes, except sheet lamination. Particles released from powder bed fusion (PBF), material jetting (MJ), material extrusion (ME), and directed energy deposition (DED) processes exhibited nanoscale to submicron scale; real-time particle number (mobility sizers, condensation nuclei counters, miniDiSC, electrical diffusion batteries) and surface area moni

Emerging Nanopharmaceuticals and Nanonutraceuticals in Cancer Management.

Nanotechnology is the science of nanoscale, which is the scale of nanometers or one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology encompasses a broad range of technologies, materials, and manufacturing processes that are used to design and/or enhance many products, including medicinal products. This technology has achieved considerable progress in the oncology field in recent years. Most chemotherapeutic agents are not specific to the cancer cells they are intended to treat, and they can harm healthy cells, leading to numerous adverse effects. Due to this non-specific targeting, it is not feasible to a

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… Carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience 2005 4 180 195 10.1109/TNB.2005.850478 16117026 33. Reilly R.M. Carbon nanotubes: Potential benefits and risks of nanotechnology in nuclear medicine J. Nucl. Med. 2007 48 1039 1042 10.2967/jnumed.107.041723 17607037 34. … Functionalized carbon nanotubes in drug design and discovery Acc. Chem. Res. 2008 41 60 68 10.1021/ar700089b 17867649 35. Saeednia L. Yao L. Cluff K. Asmatulu R. …

Micro and nanotechnologies: The little formulations that could.

The first publication of micro- and nanotechnology in medicine was in 1798 with the use of the Cowpox virus by Edward Jenner as an attenuated vaccine against Smallpox. Since then, there has been an explosion of micro- and nanotechnologies for medical applications. The breadth of these micro- and nanotechnologies is discussed in this piece, presenting the date of their first report and their latest progression (e.g., clinical trials, FDA approval). This includes successes such as the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines from Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen (

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… More recently, carbon nanotubes were reported in 1991 113 and have been applied preclinically for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and vaccines. 140 , 141 Polymer based There are several micro and nanotechnologies comprised mostly of polymers (Table 2 ). … Carbon nanotubes as vaccine scaffolds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65(15):2016‐2022. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.013 141. Jain N, Tiwari S. Biomedical application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in vulnerable parts of the body and its toxicity study: a state‐of‐the‐art‐review. …

Advances in materials used for minimally invasive treatment of vertebral compression fractures.

Vertebral compression fractures are becoming increasingly common with aging of the population; minimally invasive materials play an essential role in treating these fractures. However, the unacceptable processing-performance relationships of materials and their poor osteoinductive performance have limited their clinical application. In this review, we describe the advances in materials used for minimally invasive treatment of vertebral compression fractures and enumerate the types of bone cement commonly used in current practice. We also discuss the limitations of the materials themselves, and

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… The setting time of formulated cement also increases significantly with a decrease in BG particle size, as the cohesion in the cement paste weakens ( Hasan et al., 2019 ; Mabroum et al., 2022 ). 3.3 Nanomaterials 3.3.1 Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can significantly improve the mechanical … In vitro cytotoxicity of calcium phosphate cement reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes . J. Mater. Science-Materials Med. 30 , 54 . 10.1007/s10856-019-6256-4 31041537 Meng B. Qian M. Xia S.-X. Yang H.-L. Luo Z.-P. ( 2013 ). …

Гибридные композитные соединения с оксидами металлов: всеобъемлющий обзор синтеза и многофункциональных видов применения.

В ряде передовых технологий может использоваться разнообразное семейство композитных полимерных (CP) составов с особыми физико-химическими свойствами (MO x). В настоящем исследовании представлен всеобъемлющий обзор комплексных подходов к этим гибридным композитным материалам с уделением особого внимания синергической интеграции оксидов металлов с ХП в целях укрепления их структурной основы, а также их электрических и каталитических свойств. Изучается многофункциональное применение этих материалов, в частности в таких областях, как биомедицинское зондирование, энергосберегающие модули и техноло

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… Graphene and carbon nanotubes, two high-surface-area C-derived constituents, are frequently utilized as electrode materials in EDLC SCs. 145 The second most popular type of SC, known as PC, shown in Fig. 12 , operates via a faradaic process. … Recent work on carbon nanofibers by Tian and colleagues produced N-doped carbon nanotubes/PANI composites. …

The Confluence of Nanotechnology and Heat Shock Protein 70 in Pioneering Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy: Forging Pathways Towards Precision Targeting and Transformation.

Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and nanotechnology have emerged as promising avenues in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) therapy, addressing the critical challenges posed by its aggressive nature and therapeutic resistance. HSP70's dual role in cellular stress response and tumour survival emphasises its potential as both a biomarker and therapeutic target. This review explores the innovative integration of HSP70 with nanotechnology, emphasising advancements in imaging, drug delivery and combination therapies. Nanoparticles, including SPIONs, liposomes, gold nanoparticles and metal-organic framework

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… With stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy, it was discovered that mHSP70 participates in the clustering of tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs) in GBM cells. TNTs are membranous structures that facilitate cell-to-cell communication and transport of vesicles and organelles between cells. … Without HSP70, these nanotube formulations would lose key therapeutic advantages. AgNPs/TNTs would become less effective in detecting HSP70 for cancer diagnostics. The siRNA-GOx/GNR@HA gold nanorod system would lose its ability to enhance low-temperature photothermal therapy, increasing toxicity. …

Advances in nanomaterial-mediated CRISPR/Cas delivery: from lipid nanoparticles to vesicle-derived systems.

Gene and genome editing therapies are increasingly connected with nanomaterials, which protect and transport fragile nucleic acids and CRISPR/Cas systems through biological barriers safely and accurately. This review discusses how different nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and vesicle-derived systems, can improve delivery efficiency, cell targeting, endosomal escape, and intracellular movement for gene and genome editing. It summarizes findings from early clinical and preclinical studies, comparing several carrier types such as ionizable lipid nanoparticles, polymeric

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… | Cylindrical structures of carbon atoms with unique properties | High drug loading capacity, potential for targeted delivery, and imaging | Potential toxicity and concerns about environmental impact | Drug delivery, gene therapy, and tissue engineering | Single-walled nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes … Carbon nanotubes, functionalized with guide RNA, displayed improved cellular uptake and efficient targeted delivery in mice ( Liu et al., 2022a ). …

Recent Innovations and Nano-Delivery of Actinium-225: A Narrative Review.

The actinium-225 (225Ac) radioisotope exhibits highly attractive nuclear properties for application in radionuclide therapy. However, the 225Ac radionuclide presents multiple daughter nuclides in its decay chain, which can escape the targeted site, circulate in plasma, and cause toxicity in areas such as kidneys and renal tissues. Several ameliorative strategies have been devised to circumvent this issue, including nano-delivery. Alpha-emitting radionuclides and nanotechnology applications in nuclear medicine have culminated in major advancements that offer promising therapeutic possibilities

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… Nanodelivery of Radionuclides Several drugs can be administered effectively and safely using nanoscale-diameter particles such as liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes and inorganic nanomaterials [ 9 , 50 ]. … Meanwhile, Matson et al. (2012) stated that single-walled carbon nanotubes, previously demonstrated as trivalent lanthanide ion and small molecule sequestering agents, successfully incorporate [ 225 Ac]Ac 3+ . …

Optimizing the Outcome of Anti-Myeloma Treatment with Daratumumab.

A search of the scientific literature for Daratumumab and myeloma gives more than 600 results (January 2021), which reflects the interest and activity around this antibody, an interest that was also reflected by the assignment of breakthrough designation for Daratumumab as a treatment for multiple myeloma by FDA in 2013. The high expectations have been supported and met due to a very active clinical development program, and our insight into Daratumumab's modes of action have been expanded by a concomitant, systematic activity of translational research. The scope of this article is to point to

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… Several modes of action by Daratumumab have been demonstrated including inhibition of production of immunosuppressive adenosine, inhibition of adhesion of myeloma cells to bone marrow stroma, inhibition of formation of nanotubes that transfer mitochondria from stroma cells to myeloma cells and invigorate … Impact of CD38 Expression by Myeloma Cells | Mode of Action | Reference High expression beneficial | | | CDC | [ 7 ] | ADCC | [ 7 ] | ADCP | [ 8 ] Low expression beneficial | | | Inhibition of adenosine production | [ 9 ] | Inhibition of adhesion to stroma | [ 10 ] | Inhibition of nanotube …

An Overview of Polymeric Nanoparticles-Based Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment.

Cancer is recognized as one of the world's deadliest diseases, with more than 10 million new cases each year. Over the past 2 decades, several studies have been performed on cancer to pursue solutions for effective treatment. One of the vital benefits of utilizing nanoparticles (NPs) in cancer treatment is their high adaptability for modification and amalgamation of different physicochemical properties to boost their anti-cancer activity. Various nanomaterials have been designed as nanocarriers attributing nontoxic and biocompatible drug delivery systems with improved bioactivity. The present

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… Carbon dots (C-dots) and carbon nanotubes are the main products of current research on CBNs (CNTs). 77 These CBNs can be of different shapes and sizes and are used for various therapy methods, as shown in Figure 8 . … Effects of transferrin conjugated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in lung cancer delivery . Mater Sci Eng C . 2016 ; 67 : 313 - 325 . 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.013 27287127 45 Rivero-Buceta E Vidaurre-Agut C Vera-Donoso CD Benlloch JM Moreno-Manzano V Botella P . …

Nanomaterials in gene therapy and genome editing: challenges and emerging directions.

Nanomaterials are redefining the landscape of gene and genome editing, yet their translation to clinical reality remains constrained by multiple unresolved challenges. While they provide structural and functional advantages for delivering nucleic acids and CRISPR/Cas systems across biological barriers, their behavior within living systems is often unpredictable, leading to issues such as off-target editing, immune activation, and inconsistent biodistribution. The design of nanocarriers, whether lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, must therefore balance efficiency with safety, integrating physic

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… Carbon nanotubes, functionalized with guide RNA, displayed improved cellular uptake and efficient targeted delivery in mice [ 247 – 252 ]. … Similarly, carbon nanotubes are used through conjugation and functionalization, allowing high loading capacity and specific targeting; however, issues such as cytotoxicity and agglomeration remain. …

Use of short interfering RNA delivered by cationic liposomes to enable efficient down-regulation of PTPN22 gene in human T lymphocytes.

Type 1 diabetes and thyroid disease are T cell-dependent autoimmune endocrinopathies. The standard substitutive administration of the deficient hormones does not halt the autoimmune process; therefore, development of immunotherapies aiming to preserve the residual hormonal cells, is of crucial importance. PTPN22 C1858T mutation encoding for the R620W lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase variant, plays a potential pathophysiological role in autoimmunity. The PTPN22 encoded protein Lyp is a negative regulator of T cell antigen receptor signaling; R620W variant, leading to a gain of function with parado

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… In particular ASO carried by PEGylated carbon nanotubes (PNT) [ 29 ] enable efficient knockdown of PTPN22 gene in T lymphocytes [ 20 ]. … Previous studies have shown the possibility to increase the cell-type specific and cytoplasmic targeting of PEGylated carbon nanotubes both in ‘ in vitro ’ and in animals [ 29 ]. …

Charge transport in nanoscale junctions.

Understanding the fundamentals of nanoscale charge transfer is pivotal for designing future nano-electronic devices. Such devices could be based on individual or groups of molecular bridges, nanotubes, nanoparticles, biomolecules and other 'active' components, mimicking wire, diode and transistor functions. These have operated in various environments including vacuum, air and condensed matter, in two- or three-electrode configurations, at ultra-low and room temperatures. Interest in charge transport in ultra-small device components has a long history and can be dated back to Aviram and Ratner'…

Drug delivery for age-related bone diseases: From therapeutic targets to common and emerging therapeutic strategies.

With the accumulation of knowledge on aging, people have gradually realized that among the many factors that cause individual aging, the accumulation of aging cells is an essential cause of organ degeneration and, ultimately, age-related diseases. Most cells present in the bone microenvironment gradually age over time, leading to an imbalance of osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis. This imbalance contributes to age-related bone loss and the development of age-related bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone aging can prolong the lifespan and delay the developmen

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… Studies have shown that silver-loaded titanium dioxide nanotubes can control the release of ultralow doses of Ag + , increase autophagy in macrophages, remove ROS, inhibit inflammatory responses, and promote new bone formation ( Chen, 2020 ). … Improved immunoregulation of ultra-low-dose silver nanoparticle-loaded TiO(2) nanotubes via M2 macrophage polarization by regulating GLUT1 and autophagy. Int. J. Nanomed. 2020;15:2011–2026. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S242919. Chen B., et al. …

Current advance of nanotechnology in diagnosis and treatment for malignant tumors.

Cancer remains a significant risk to human health. Nanomedicine is a new multidisciplinary field that is garnering a lot of interest and investigation. Nanomedicine shows great potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Specifically engineered nanoparticles can be employed as contrast agents in cancer diagnostics to enable high sensitivity and high-resolution tumor detection by imaging examinations. Novel approaches for tumor labeling and detection are also made possible by the use of nanoprobes and nanobiosensors. The achievement of targeted medication delivery in cancer therapy can be acc

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… Carbon-based nanomaterials, encompassing carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have been widely employed across diverse consumer and industrial sectors. … The serum CA19-9 level in most patients with pancreatic cancer is significantly increased. 373 Thapa et al. used carbon nanotubes (CNT) and PEI to construct thin films on the gold surface through the layer-by-layer (LBL) protocol. …

New Progress in Improving the Delivery Methods of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Bone Tumors.

Bone tumors are tumors that occur in the bone or its accessory tissues, including primary tumors and metastatic tumors. The main mechanism of bisphosphonate is to inhibit the resorption of destructive bone, inhibit the activity of osteoclasts and reduce the concentration of blood calcium. Therefore, bisphosphonates can be used for malignant hypercalcaemia, pain caused by osteolytic bone metastasis, prevention of osteolytic bone metastasis, multiple myeloma osteopathy, improving radiosensitivity and so on. However, the traditional administration of bisphosphonates can cause a series of adverse

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… Carbon Nanotube Nanoparticles Dlamini et al 48 attached the synthesized bisphosphonates (alendronate, pamidronate and nelidronate) to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). MWCNTs are a novel type of nanotherapeutic entity with great potential. … After the combination of ALN and MWCNTs, the cell survival rate decreased, indicating that the efficiency of ALN combined with multiwalled carbon nanotubes was improved. …

Drug repurposing in malignant pleural mesothelioma: a breath of fresh air?

Drug repurposing is the use of known drugs for new indications. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis. So far, few treatments have been approved in this disease. However, its incidence is expected to increase significantly, particularly in developing countries. Consequently, drug repurposing appears as an attractive strategy for drug development in MPM, since the known pharmacology and safety profile based on previous approvals of repurposed drugs allows for faster time-to-market for patients and lower treatment cost. This is critical in low- and middle-in

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… The tunnelling nanotubes are thought to be an alternative means for intercellular communication in cancer and it is possible that they propagate chemotherapy resistance via intercellular transfer of proteins [ 80 ]. Tunnelling nanotube formation occurs during mesothelioma cell invasion in vitro . … Tunneling nanotubes provide a unique conduit for intercellular transfer of cellular contents in human malignant pleural mesothelioma. PLoS One 2012; 7: e33093. 133. Wu H, Walker J, Damhuis RA, et al. …

Advances in the delivery of anticancer drugs by nanoparticles and chitosan-based nanoparticles.

Cancer is the leading cause of death globally, and conventional treatments have limited efficacy with severe side effects. The use of nanotechnology has the potential to reduce the side effects of drugs by creating efficient and controlled anticancer drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) used as drug carriers offer several advantages, including enhanced drug protection, biodistribution, selectivity and, pharmacokinetics. Therefore, this review is devoted to various organic (lipid, polymeric) as well as inorganic nanoparticles based on different building units and providing a wide range of

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… Carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs are carbon allotropes with a cylindrical shape, composed of coiled graphene sheets with a diameter of less than one μm. Their dimensions are limited to micrometers ( Shejawal et al., 2021 ). … Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) come in three classifications: single (SWCNTs), double (DWCNTs), and multi-walled (MWCNTs). These nanotubes have various uses, one of which is acting as nanocarriers to transport anticancer drugs. …