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Tumor Targeting with Peptide-Drug Conjugates: Showcasing Key Progress and Hurdles.

Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) are modular, targeted therapeutics composed of a homing peptide linked to a cytotoxic or modulating drug payload via a cleavable/non-cleavable linker. PDCs utilize peptide targeting to enhance the delivery of potent drugs to tumors, providing advantages such as superior tissue penetration, reduced immunogenicity, and simpler manufacture compared to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). A comparison of PDCs versus ADCs highlights that PDCs' small size (~1-3 kDa) enables deeper tumor penetration and faster clearance, whereas ADCs (~150 kDa) benefit from prolonged circul

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… Peptides, such as cyclic, α-helical, linear, and amphiphilic ones, can self-assemble to form various nanostructures, including nanorods, nanospheres, nanotubes, and nanofibers. 21–23 These peptides confer specificity and can also facilitate the translocation of proteins across cell membranes or biological … The diCPT-PLGLAG-iRGD conjugate undergoes self-assembly into nanotubes, which are co-loaded with aPD1. Upon intratumoral injection, the nanotubes form an in situ hydrogel within the tumor microenvironment. …

Metabolic crosstalk between stromal and malignant cells in the bone marrow niche.

Bone marrow is the primary site of blood cell production in adults and serves as the source of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that maintain bone homeostasis. The medullary microenvironment is also involved in malignancy, providing a fertile soil for the growth of blood cancers or solid tumors metastasizing to bone. The cellular composition of the bone marrow is highly complex, consisting of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, maturing blood cells, skeletal stem cells, osteoblasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, adipocytes, endothelial cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, perivascular cells, and n

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… MSCs have been shown to actively transfer functioning mitochondria via tunneling nanotubes (TnTs) to AML cells, supporting leukemia cell growth and resistance to chemotherapy ( Moschoi et al., 2016 ; Saito et al., 2021 ). … Preferential transfer of mitochondria from endothelial to cancer cells through tunneling nanotubes modulates chemoresistance. J. Transl. Med. 2013;11:94. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-94. Passarelli M.K., et al. …

Nanotechnology-Driven Cancer Therapies for Precision Oncology: Advances and Clinical Outlook.

Cancer continues to pose a global health challenge, with conventional therapies often limited by non-specific toxicity, drug resistance, and an inadequate therapeutic index. Nanotechnology offers transformative opportunities by enabling targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetics, and integrated diagnostic-therapeutic platforms (termed nanotheranostics). This review highlights key nanocarrier systems including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, inorganic nanostructures, carbon-based materials, extracellular vesicles, and hybrid platforms with a focus on human studies and cli

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… targeting to tumor cells, diminishing overall systemic toxicity. 15 Nanotechnology platforms applicable to oncological processes have been developed broadly, and include liposomes, polymeric NPs, dendrimers, inorganic nanostructures (eg, gold NPs and iron oxide NPs), carbon-based nanomaterials (eg, carbon nanotubes … Carbon-Based Nanostructures (Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene) Nanomaterials made especially of carbon (such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene derivates) have received attention because of their large surface area and controllable functional groups, as well as having superior electrical and photothermal …

A technical note on emerging combination approach involved in the onconanotherapeutics.

Cancer is the second cause of mortality worldwide, and the currently available conventional treatment approach is associated with serious side effects and poor clinical outcomes. Based on the outcome of the exploratory preclinical and clinical studies, it was found that therapeutic response increases multiple folds when anticancer drugs are used in combination. However, the conventional combination of anticancer drugs was associated with various limitations such as increased cost of treatment, systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and reduced pharmacokinetic attributes. Hence, attempts were made

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… . | DOX | PTX | Carbon nanotubes | Head-neck cancer | In vitro | (Colley et al., 2014 ) 53. | DOX | Curcumin | Carbon nanotubes | Hepatocellular carcinoma | In vitro | (Anajafi et al., 2017 ) 54. | Camptothecin | DOX | Carbon nanotubes | Head-neck cancer | In vitro | (Thambi et al., 2012 ) Discussion …

Exosomes as a Novel Approach to Reverse Osteoporosis: A Review of the Literature.

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease requiring long-term, sometimes lifelong, management. With the aging population, the prevalence of osteoporosis is increasing, and with it so is the risk of hip fracture and subsequent poor quality of life and higher mortality. Current therapies for osteoporosis have various significant side effects limiting patient compliance and use. Recent evidence has demonstrated the significant role of exosomes in osteoporosis both in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis, highlight the properties and advantages of exosome

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… Prior research has shown that exosome-integrated titanium oxide nanotubes can stimulate bone regeneration by promoting osteogenic differentiation ( Wei et al., 2019 ). … Exosome-integrated titanium oxide nanotubes for targeted bone regeneration. Acta Biomater. 86 480–492. 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.006 Wen S., Dooner M., Cheng Y., Papa E., Del T. M., Pereira M., et al. (2016). …

Биоразлагаемые и стимульно-реагирующие наноматериалы для адресной доставки лекарств в аутоиммунных заболеваниях.

Аутоиммунные заболевания создают сложные терапевтические проблемы из-за их хронического характера, системного воздействия и требования к точному иммунодуляции во избежание негативных побочных эффектов. Недавние достижения в области биоразлагаемых и стимулирующих наноматериалов открыли новые возможности для адресных систем доставки наркотиков, способных решать эти проблемы. Этот обзор содержит всеобъемлющий анализ современных биоразлагаемых нанокарьеров, таких, как полимерные наночастицы, липосомы и гидрогели, разработанные для целевой доставки в аутоиммунную терапию. Эти наноматериалы предназн

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… stability issues [ 48 , 49 , 50 ] Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Hydrogels, Liposomes, pH-Responsive Systems Immune modulators, Myelin repair agents Controlled release, targeting CNS inflammation Blood–brain barrier crossing, hydrogel degradation rate [ 53 , 54 , 55 ] Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) Carbon Nanotubes … Lastly, nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and dendrimers are showing promise in immune modulation and drug encapsulation, which can improve therapeutic outcomes by addressing immune system dysregulation [ 109 ]. …

Conference Proceedings - 6th International Conference on Molecular Diagnostics and Biomarker Discovery (MDBD 2022): Building Resilience in Biomedical Research : Penang, Malaysia. 11-13 October 2022.

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Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Cisplatin Toxicity: A Review of the Literature.

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a membrane-permeable cysteine precursor capable of enhancing the intracellular cysteine pool, enhancing cellular glutathione (GSH) synthesis, and thus potentiating the endogenous antioxidant mechanism. Late administration of NAC after cisplatin has been shown in different in vivo studies to reduce the side effects caused by various toxicities at different levels without affecting the antitumor efficacy of platinum, improving total and enzymatic antioxidant capacity and decreasing oxidative stress markers. These characteristics provide NAC with a rationale as a potenti

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… Communication between the donor and recipient cells is essential for mitochondrial transfer, and it can be regulated by various structures, including extracellular vesicles (EV), tunneling nanotubes (TNT), and communicating junctions (GJ), among others. 61 Mitochondria in neighboring cells can transfer … Preferential transfer of mitochondria from endothelial to cancer cells through tunneling nanotubes modulates chemoresistance. J Transl Med . 2013;11(1):94. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-94 63. Chang JC, Chang HS, Wu YC, et al. …

Митохондриальная пригодность как функциональная контрольная точка в раке: метаболическая пластичность, эволюция опухолей и иммунотерапия.

Митохондрия все чаще признается в качестве динамичных регуляторов адаптации к раковым клеткам, иммунной функции и терапевтической реакции. Помимо их канонической роли в производстве энергии, митохондриальный метаболизм, динамика, контроль качества и сигнализация стресса влияют на выживание клеток опухоли и способность клеток иммунного эффекта поддерживать антитумберную активность в микроопухоли. В этом обзоре мы рассматриваем митохондриальную пригодность как многоаспектное функциональное достояние, включающее биоэнергетику, метаболическую гибкость, повторное гомеостаз, контроль качества митохо

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… In a breast-cancer model, intercellular nanotubes mediated mitochondrial trafficking from immune cells to cancer cells, enhancing tumor-cell metabolic capacity while reducing immune-cell fitness; inhibition of this process improved the activity of PD-1 blockade [ 65 ]. … In AML, leukemia-derived NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-dependent oxidative stress has been shown to stimulate mitochondrial transfer from bone-marrow stromal cells through tumor-derived tunneling nanotubes. …

Radionuclide-labelled nanoparticles for cancer combination therapy: a review.

Radionuclide therapy (RT) is widely used to advanced local cancers. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited to the radiation resistance of cancer cells. Combination therapy aims to circumvent tumor resistance, and the combination of RT with photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy (CMT), and immunotherapy has shown promising treatment outcomes. Nanotechnology holds promise in advancing combination therapy by integrating multiple therapies on a nanostructure platform. This is due to the increased surface area, passive/active targeting capabilities, high payload

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… Liu et al. [ 47 ] encapsulated single-walled carbon nanotubes with a polydopamine shell, modified with poly(ethyleneglycol) (SWNT@PDA-PEG). SWNTs exhibit strong NIR absorbance. 131 I was labelled to SWNT@PDA-PEG for imaging and radionuclide therapy. … Polydopamine coated single-walled carbon nanotubes as a versatile platform with radionuclide labeling for multimodal tumor imaging and therapy. Theranostics. 2016;6(11):1833–43. 48. Huang S, Wu Y, Li C, Xu L, Huang J, Huang Y, Cheng W, Xue B, Zhang L, Liang S, Jin X, Zhu X, Xiong S, Su Y, Wang H. …

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System: A Patient-Friendly Chemotherapy for Oncology.

Chemotherapy is widely used to treat cancer. The toxic effect of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs on healthy cells leads to serious toxic and side effects of conventional chemotherapy. The application of nanotechnology in tumor chemotherapy can increase the specificity of anticancer agents, increase the killing effect of tumors, and reduce toxic and side effects. Currently, a variety of formulations based on nanoparticles (NPs) for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs have been put into clinical use, and several others are in the stage of development or clinical trials. In this review, after b

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… The advances of carbon nanotubes in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics . J Nanomat . 2017 ; 2017 ( 3 ): 1 – 13 . 37 Chen Z Zhang A Yang Z , et al. Application of DODMA and derivatives in cationic nanocarriers for gene delivery . … Current Organic Chemistry . 2016 ; 20 ( 17 ): 1813 – 1839 . 38 Chen Z Cong M Hu J Yang Z Chen Z Preparation of functionalized TiO2 nanotube arrays and their applications . Sci Adv Mat . 2016 ; 8 ( 1 ): 1231 – 1241 . 39 Yu B Wang X Zhou C , et al. …

Differential Zoledronate Adsorption by Commercially Available Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes.

Background/Objectives: Osteonecrosis of the jaw, a non-healing wound, is a side effect in patients treated with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (e.g., zoledronate) after some oral procedures. Considering zoledronate toxicity in surgical wounds and the capacity of calcium phosphate synthetic compounds to adsorb it, the aim of this work was to demonstrate and elucidate the mechanism underlying this adsorption. Methods: Four different calcium phosphate synthetic bone substitutes were used in this study: AdBone® BCP (0.5-1 mm), Guidor® easy-graft (0.5-1 mm), Maxresorb® (0.5-1 mm) and Maxresorb

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… established safety profile, calcium phosphate-based biomaterials continue to be actively refined for bone regeneration applications, with recent developments focusing on improving their mechanical strength, injectability, and osteoinductive capacity, for instance through the incorporation of carbon nanotubes … Injectable Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements with High-Strength and Improved Osteogenesis for Bone Regeneration Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2026 260 115401 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.115401 41468862 25. Paulo S. Laranjo M. Paula A. Abrantes A.M. Martins J. Marto C.M. …

Навигация терапевтического ландшафта миеломы: иммунотерапия, микроокружающая среда и сопротивление.

Иммунотерапии, включая клетки химерика антигенного рецептора (CAR) T, биконкретные Т-клеточные агенты (BITEs) и антитело-наркотики (ADC), изменили ландшафт лечения множественной миеломы (MM). Несмотря на высокие показатели первоначальных ответов, достижение долговременной ремиссии по-прежнему сопряжено с трудностями из-за частых рецидивов, вызванных комплексными механизмами терапевтического сопротивления. В этом обзоре мы всесторонне исследуем врожденную устойчивость к опухоли, такую, как врожденный и приобретенный антигенный выход, обусловленный геномными изменениями, структурными вариациями

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… Tunneling nanotubes between bone marrow stromal cells support transmitophagy and resistance to apoptosis in myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2025;15:3. doi: 10.1038/s41408-025-01210-2. 151. … Tunneling Nanotubes-Mediated Protection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Update from Preclinical Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:3481. doi: 10.3390/IJMS21103481. 153. Suzuki R., Ogiya D., Ogawa Y., Kawada H., Ando K. …

Nanomaterial-Driven Precision Immunomodulation: A New Paradigm in Therapeutic Interventions.

Immunotherapy is a rapidly advancing field of research in the treatment of conditions such as cancer and autoimmunity. Nanomaterials can be designed for immune system manipulation, with precise targeted delivery and improved immunomodulatory efficacy. Here, we elaborate on various strategies using nanomaterials, including liposomes, polymers, and inorganic NPs, and discuss their detailed design intricacies, mechanisms, and applications, including the current regulatory issues. This type of nanomaterial design for targeting specific immune cells or tissues and controlling release kinetics could

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… Animal models have been particularly useful for studying the toxic effects of dendrimers, silver NPs, gold NPs, and carbon nanotubes [ 199 ]. Enhancing the safety of nanomaterial-based IDDSs requires a multi-faceted approach. … Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials: Fullerenes, Quantum Dots, Nanotubes, Nanofibers, and Graphene Materials 2021 14 5978 10.3390/ma14205978 34683568 PMC8538389 91. Song E. Han W. Li C. Cheng D. Li L. Liu L. Zhu G. Song Y. Tan W. …

Engagement of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Remodeling of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Hematological Cancers.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a subset of heterogeneous, non-hematopoietic fibroblast-like cells which play important roles in tissue repair, inflammation, and immune modulation. MSCs residing in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) functionally interact with hematopoietic stem progenitor cells regulating hematopoiesis. However, MSCs have also emerged in recent years as key regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Indeed, they are now considered active players in the pathophysiology of hematologic malignancies rather than passive bystanders in the hematopoietic microenvironment. Onc

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… MSCs can communicate with nearby cells through the secretion of soluble factors, cell-to-cell contact, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and, as evidenced more recently, through tunneling nanotubes [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. … The uptake of functional mitochondria from MM-MSCs occurs through several mechanisms, including tunneling nanotubes, CD38 [ 177 ], and EVs, as well as cell-to-cell contact and the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis [ 55 ]. …

Advanced multifunctional thermo- and electro-stimulative hydrogels for bone regeneration.

Bone defects caused by trauma, infection, tumors, osteoporosis, and diabetes disrupt skeletal integrity and impair regeneration. The healing process involves inflammatory hematoma formation, callus development, and remodeling, coordinated by diverse cells and signaling pathways. Conventional grafts and inorganic implants are limited by donor scarcity, immune rejection, and low bioactivity, necessitating more effective repair strategies. Recently, multifunctional smart hydrogels have emerged as a frontier in bone regeneration due to their biocompatibility, tunable structure, and ability to inte

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… Carbon nanomaterials Carbon nanomaterials, including graphene oxide [ 108 ], carbon nanotubes [ 109 ] carbon dots [ 110 ], and their derivatives, have been widely employed as photothermal agents. …

Biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic attributes to drive nanoformulations of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Buoyed by the discovery of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (smTKIs), significant impact has been made in cancer chemotherapeutics. However, some of these agents still encounter off-target toxicities and suboptimal efficacies due to their inferior biopharmaceutical and/or pharmacokinetic properties. Almost all of these molecules exhibit significant inter- and intra-patient variations in plasma concentration-time profiles. Thus, therapeutic drug monitoring, dose adjustments and precision medicine are being contemplated by clinicians. Complex formulations or nanoformulation-based drug d

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… Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) The cylindrical group of carbon allotropes known as fullerenes includes CNTs with special physicochemical characteristics that make surface modification simple. The development of polyvalent CNTs as cancer therapeutic tools is moving very quickly. … F127. | Better bioavailability and less variation between the fed and fasting stages. | [101] Pazopanib | Liposome: Colon-targeted liposomal drug delivery system of pazopanib by utilising a high-pressure homogenization process. | Considerably lower tumor volume and weight. | [102] Sorafenib (SFN) | Nanotubes …

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cancer.

Even though cancer treatment has improved over the recent decades, still more specific and effective treatment concepts are mandatory. Surgical removal is not always possible, metastases are challenging and chemo- and radiotherapy can not only have severe side-effects but also resistances may occur. To cope with these challenges more efficient therapies with fewer side-effects are required. One promising approach is the use of drug delivery vehicles. Here, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are discussed as biodegradable drug carrier to improve efficacy and reduce side-effects. MSN excellen

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… Drug delivery systems can also be based on inorganic materials, e.g., gold nanoparticles, metal oxide such as iron oxide particles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. … Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2005 9 674 679 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.005 16233988 8. Bruchez M. Jr. Moronne M. Gin P. Weiss S. Alivisatos A.P. …

Nanomedicine Meets Immunotherapy: Advancing Adoptive Cell Therapy with Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Cancer with Sustainability Perspectives.

Immunotherapy has achieved remarkable clinical success in certain cancers, particularly through adoptive cell therapy (ACT), where T cell engineering with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has driven major clinical breakthroughs in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, efficacy against solid tumors remains limited due to multiple barriers, including the scarcity of tumor-specific antigens, antigen heterogeneity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and physical obstruction of T cell infiltration by dense extracellular matrix. Nanoparticle (NP)-based approaches can overcome the

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… To improve the delivery and therapeutic profile of cytokines, multiple groups have used nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymer NPs, and carbon nanotubes [ 103 , 105 , 107 , 108 ]. Systemically administered immunomodulators, such as interleukins, are often limited by severe side effects. … Photothermal agents encompass organic molecules, such as ICG [ 101 , 169 , 170 ]. and inorganic nanomaterials [ 171 ], including carbon nanotubes [ 172 , 173 , 174 ], gold NPs [ 175 , 176 ]. and metal oxide NPs [ 177 , 178 , 179 ]. …

Nano-formulations in disease therapy: designs, advances, challenges, and future directions.

Nano-formulations, as an innovative drug delivery system, offer distinct advantages in enhancing drug administration methods, improving bioavailability, promoting biodegradability, and enabling targeted delivery. By exploiting the unique size advantages of nano-formulations, therapeutic agents, including drugs, genes, and proteins, can be precisely reorganized at the microscale level. This modification not only facilitates the precise release of these agents but also significantly enhances their efficacy while minimizing adverse effects, thereby creating novel opportunities for treatment of a

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… Larger particles or rigid structures, such as carbon nanotubes, are challenging to excrete via renal filtration due to their size and structural properties. … Recently, Shin et al . developed an HDL-mimetic formulation that effectively displays multivalent ApoA-I peptides on the surfaces of protein nanotubes derived from TMV and virus-like particles sourced from bacteriophage Qβ. …