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Breakthroughs in modern cancer therapy and elusive cardiotoxicity: Critical research-practice gaps, challenges, and insights.

To date, five cancer treatment modalities have been defined. The three traditional modalities of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy, and the two modern modalities include molecularly targeted therapy (the fourth modality) and immunotherapy (the fifth modality). The cardiotoxicity associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known. Similar adverse cardiac events are resurging with the fourth modality. Aside from the conventional and newer targeted agents, even the most newly developed, immune-based therapeutic modalities of anticancer

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… Trametinib is the only type III inhibitor that has been approved thus far, although several promising allosteric kinase inhibitors are currently in different stages of clinical trials. 104 , 109 Only a few are irreversible ones (afatinib and ibrutinib) 104 that have been approved by the FDA (Table 1 … Currently, clinical cardiotoxicity induced by irreversible inhibitors, e.g., Trametinib, 20 , 57 , 124 , 157 , 158 , 159 Ibrutinib, 20 , 160 , 161 and Afatinib 162 , 163 has been reported. …

Keyword Index for Volume 106

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… Online 1760 adjuvant 32 adjuvant chemotherapy 1239, 1268 advanced 1068 advanced breast cancer 440 advanced gastric cancer 1039 afatinib 6 age 1068, 1353 AIDS 447 Akt 1196 alcohol 592, 1881 ALDH1 846 ALK 1100 Amphiregulin 1406 anaemia 909 anal carcinoma and survival 756 anchorage-independent …

Nanoparticles for Effective Combination Therapy of Cancer.

Cancer continues to remains a major healthcare problem across the world despite strong translational research efforts towards tackling the disease. Surgery, when possible, along with radiation and chemotherapy continue to remain the mainstay of cancer treatment. Novel targeted therapies or biologics and immunotherapies have recently been approved to improve treatment efficacies while reducing collateral damage to normal, non-cancerous tissues. Combination therapies have shown better results than individual monotherapies in the clinic but often the improvements in therapeutic indices remain mar

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… order to test if various other drug combinations can prove useful using the same approach, the core of the liposomes was encapsulated with either DOX or cisplatin, and the lipid bilayer can be encapsulated using either one of these following tyrosine kinase receptors inhibitor; erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib … On comparing these combinations with BT-20 and A549 cells, it was observed that the best combination leading to fastest apoptosis for BT-20 cells in vivo was cisplatin-erlotinib, and cisplatin-afatinib encapsulated in folate liposomes where for A549 cells were prone to apoptosis when exposed to the combination …

Overcoming temozolomide resistance in glioma: recent advances and mechanistic insights.

Temozolomide (TMZ) remains the cornerstone chemotherapy for glioma, yet intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms significantly limit its clinical effectiveness. This review summarizes the multifaceted molecular pathways contributing to TMZ resistance, including enhanced DNA repair mechanisms such as O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), mismatch repair (MMR), and base excision repair (BER). Additional resistance factors include genetic mutations that affect the drug response, dysregulated non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs), glioma stem cells (GSCs), cytoprotective aut

Editorial: Cancer therapy: The challenge of handling a double-edged sword.

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… Clinical cases of interstitial pneumonitis associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, afatinib, in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and with taxane-based chemotherapy (paclitaxel) in breast cancer patients have been analyzed by Liu et al. and ( Ardolino …

Keyword Index for Volume 105

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… acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 1409 acute myeloid leukaemia 1927 adenocarcinoma 673 adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma 420 adenovirus 1302 adiponectin 562 ADIPOQ 562 adjuvant hormonal therapy 1628 adjuvant treatment 1480 advanced cancer 945 aerobic glycolysis 469 aetiology 481, 911 afatinib …

Molecular Inhibitors of Growth Signals

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… Afatinib is taken orally at least 1 h before or 2 h after a meal. … Afatinib may cause harm if administered during pregnancy. Drug Interactions The concomitant treatment with ABCB1 inhibitors may cause increased systemic exposure to afatinib and require dose reduction. Concomitant ABCB1 inducers may require an afatinib dose increase. …

Keyword Index for Volume 111

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… acrylamide 987 acute promyelocytic leukaemia 874 adenocarcinoma 1993 adjuvant chemotherapy 1004, 1275 adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy 1112 adjuvant systemic treatment 837 adjuvant therapy 1917 advanced basal cell carcinoma 1476 advanced gastric cancer 660 advanced solid tumours 651, 2268 afatinib …

Potential role of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in the treatment of cancer: A contemporary nursing practice.

Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have emerged as promising therapeutic options for cancer patients. Immunotherapies induce a host immune response that mediates long-lived tumor destruction, while targeted therapies suppress molecular mechanisms that are important for tumor maintenance and growth. In addition, cytotoxic agents and targeted therapies regulate immune responses, which increases the chances that these therapeutic approaches may be efficiently combined with immunotherapy to ameliorate clinical outcomes. Various studies have suggested that combinations of therapies that target diff

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… Afatinib for the treatment of EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC: a review of clinical findings. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. 2020;26:1461. doi: 10.1177/1078155220931926. 66. Yang J.C.H., Schuler M., Popat S., Miura S., Heeke S., Park K., Märten A., Kim E.S. … Afatinib for the treatment of NSCLC harboring uncommon EGFR mutations: a database of 693 cases. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2020;15:803–815. doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.12.126. 67. Harrison P.T., Vyse S., Huang P.H. Rare epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Semin. …

Cardiotoxicity Induced by Anticancer Therapies: A Call for Integrated Cardio-Oncology Practice.

The introduction of novel oncologic therapies, including targeted agents, immunotherapies, and antibody-drug conjugates, has transformed the therapeutic landscape of cancer care. This evolution has resulted in a dual clinical scenario; while survival outcomes have markedly improved, leading to a growing population of long-term cancer survivors, an increasing incidence of previously unrecognized treatment-related toxicities has emerged. Among these, cardiovascular adverse events represent some of the most prevalent and clinically significant complications observed in both conventional chemother

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… Afatinib and neratinib exhibit a more favorable cardiac safety profile, with limited cardiotoxic events reported [ 59 ]. … Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKIs, including erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib, and osimertinib, target the EGFR, a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. …

Novel Immune-Related Gene Signature for Risk Stratification and Prognosis of Survival in ER (+) and/or PR (+) and HER2 (-) Breast Cancer.

Background: Although intrinsic molecular subtype has been widely used, there remains great clinical heterogeneity of prognosis in the estrogen receptor (ER)- and/or progesterone receptor (PR)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer (BC). Methods: The transcriptome expression data of messenger RNA (mRNA) were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC), and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Immune-related genes were acquired from the ImmPort database and additional

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… Afatinib and Pembrolizumab for Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ALPHA Study): A Phase II Study with Biomarker Analysis. Clin. Cancer Res. 28(8):1560-1571. 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3025 Long J., Wang A., Bai Y., Lin J., Yang X., Wang D., et al. (2019). …

Analysis of 2023 World Health Organization cancer Essential Medicines List and concordance with resource-stratified guidelines.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicines List (EML) and resource-stratified guidelines both prioritize high-value medicines. We compared the 2023 EML cancer medicines list with global cancer statistics, examined the proportion of EML therapies recommended by resource-stratified guidelines, and identified gaps that merit evaluation by the WHO EML Committee.MethodsWe compared the 2023 EML medicines for adult cancers with cancer incidence and mortality data from GLOBOCAN 2022. We cross-referenced the EML with 2 resource-stratified guidelines (National Comprehensive Cancer

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… | | | Irinotecan | | | | Calcium folinate | | | | Capecitabine | | | | Non–small cell lung cancer ( n = 7) | Cisplatin | | | | Carboplatin | | | | Etoposide | | | | Gemcitabine | | | | Paclitaxel | | | | Vinorelbine | | | | Erlotinib (alternatives: gefitinib, afatinib …

Effect of a Mobile App for the Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-Up of Patients With Cancer on Their Health Outcomes: Quasi-Experimental Study.

BackgroundOral antineoplastic agents (OAAs) have revolutionized cancer management. However, they have been reported with adverse side effects and drug-drug interactions. Moreover, patient adherence to OAA treatment is critical. Mobile apps can enable remote and real-time pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of patients, while also promoting patient autonomy in their health care.ObjectiveThe primary objective was to analyze the effect of using a mobile app for the follow-up of patients with oncohematological malignancies undergoing treatment with OAAs on their health outcomes. The secondary objective

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… Capecitabine | 6 (12) | 1 (2) | 7 (6.9) | | Sorafenib | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | 6 (5.9) | | Erlotinib | 5 (10) | 0 (0) | 5 (5.0) | | Abiraterone | 3 (6) | 2 (4) | 5 (5.0) | | Enzalutamide | 1 (2) | 4 (8) | 5 (5.0) | | Sunitinib | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 4 (4.0) | | Dasatinib | 0 (0) | 3 (6) | 3 (3.0) | | Afatinib …

Real-World Outcomes of Incurable Cancer Patients Treated with Unlisted Anticancer Treatments in an Academic Center in Quebec, Canada.

Medical oncology is a rapidly evolving field, with new medications being discovered yearly, contributing to increased survival rates. However, accessing drugs in a timely manner can be challenging. In Quebec, Canada, a physician can prescribe an unlisted anticancer treatment through a regulated pathway under exceptional circumstances. We conducted a quality improvement study describing the outcomes of incurable cancer patients receiving unlisted anticancer therapy at the Jewish General Hospital between 2018 and 2019. Though our study did not include a comparator arm, unlisted anticancer therap

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… In Canada, the delay in approval and reimbursement of three anticancer drugs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), nivolumab, afatinib, and pemetrexed, was estimated to have affected 6400 patients who lost 1740 person-years [ 9 ]. …

Molecular targets for anticancer therapies in companion animals and humans: what can we learn from each other?

Despite clinical successes in the treatment of some early stage cancers, it is undeniable that novel and innovative approaches are needed to aid in the fight against cancer. Targeted therapies offer the desirable feature of tumor specificity while sparing healthy tissues, thereby minimizing side effects. However, the success rate of translation of these therapies from the preclinical setting to the clinic is dramatically low, highlighting an important point of necessary improvement in the drug development process in the oncology field. The practice of a comparative oncology approach can addres

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… Accordingly, the EGFR TKIs gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib and afatinib are approved for the treatment of some subsets of breast cancer, while the evaluation of more EGFR-targeting drugs is ongoing in clinical trials 58 . … For the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, multiple HER2-targeting agents are already approved, e.g. trastuzumab, pertuzumab and afatinib, and others are being tested in ongoing clinical trials 58 . In CMC and FMC, HER2 overexpression is in the same range as in human breast cancers 82 - 85 . …

FDA-Approved Small Molecule Compounds as Drugs for Solid Cancers from Early 2011 to the End of 2021.

Solid cancers are the most common types of cancers diagnosed globally and comprise a large number of deaths each year. The main challenge currently in drug development for tumors raised from solid organs is to find more selective compounds, which exploit specific molecular targets. In this work, the small molecule drugs registered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for solid cancers treatment between 2011 and 2022 were identified and analyzed by investigating a type of therapy they are used for, as well as their structures and mechanisms of action. On average, 4 new small molecule agent

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… PDGFRA 2 , RET 3 , c-Kit 1 | Oral | Thyroid Cancer, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Endometrial Cancer | Hypertension, diarrhea, fatigue or asthenia, decreased appetite, bodyweight decreased, nausea, stomatitis, palmar–plantar erythrodysethaesia syndrome, proteinuria | [ 126 , 127 ] 17 | Afatinib … The second-generation EGFR TKIs, namely dacomitinib and afatinib , are characterized by their broader activity against HER family members and irreversibility, covalently binding to their targets of the kinases domain. …

Overview of Dual-Acting Drug Methotrexate in Different Neurological Diseases, Autoimmune Pathologies and Cancers.

Methotrexate, a structural analogue of folic acid, is one of the most effective and extensively used drugs for treating many kinds of cancer or severe and resistant forms of autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we take an overview of the present state of knowledge with regards to complex mechanisms of methotrexate action and its applications as immunosuppressive drug or chemotherapeutic agent in oncological combination therapy. In addition, the issue of the potential benefits of methotrexate in the development of neurological disorders in Alzheimer's disease or myasthenia gravis will be discuss

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… MTX or afatinib application in the treatment of HNSCC was studied and evaluated by Guo et al. [ 135 ]. Afatinib proved to give a significant improvement in patient PFS, slightly better than MTX. …

Prices and Clinical Benefit of National Price-Negotiated Anticancer Medicines in China.

BackgroundHigh prices of anticancer medicines have increased the economic burden for both patients and health insurance systems. Since 2017, China has implemented national price negotiations for medicines, relying on evidence from health technology assessments. We aim to assess the relation between negotiated price and value of anticancer medicines listed in China's National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL).MethodsFor all price-negotiated anticancer medicines and corresponding indications listed in the latest NRDL between 2017 and 2020, we collected their clinical outcomes data, including overal

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… refractory follicular central lymphoma Sorafenib | 2006 | Unresectable RCC | | Unresectable HCC | | Radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer Trastuzumab | 2002 | HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer | | HER2 positive metastatic gastric cancer Initial NRDL price negotiation in 2018 Afatinib …

Combined Administration of Bisphosphonates, Chemotherapeutic Agents, and/or Targeted Drugs Increases the Risk for Stage 3 Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A 4-Year Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with stage 3 medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) suffer from severe complications. Chemotherapeutic agents and targeted drugs are considered to be associated with the development of MRONJ. However, little is known regarding the association of those agents with stage 3 MRONJ. The purpose of this study is to analyze the comprehensive medication history of patients with advanced-stage MRONJ (stage 2 and stage 3) and evaluate the possible risk factors for stage 3 MRONJ. Patients and Methods. Sixty patients with advanced-stage MRONJ were involved in this retrosp

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… | 3 (23.1) | 10.0 ± 2.0 | 5 (22.7) | 40.3 ± 25.7 | Osimertinib | 1 (7.7) | 6.0 | 3 (13.6) | 12.0 ± 3.0 | Sunitinib | 0 | 0 | 3 (13.6) | 45.7 ± 12 | Anlotinib | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 3.0 | Pazopanib | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 8.0 | Axitinib | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 5.0 | Sorafenib | 0 | 0 | 1 (4.5) | 72.0 | Afatinib …

Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients undergoing dialysis: a still unresolved issue of onconephrology.

The incidence of tumors increases significantly in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly among those undergoing dialysis. This dialysis-associated condition not only impacts therapy but also influences the prognosis of oncological patients, contributing to heightened mortality rates related to both cancer and non-cancer causes. Importantly, it stands as a primary factor leading to suboptimal utilization of therapies. Dosage adjustment for many types of chemotherapy is a necessity in patients with kidney impairment. However, due to a lack of comprehensive knowledge about t

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… paclitaxel and docetaxel) SCLC ADJ/Advanced/metastatic Platinum salts (Cisplatin or Carboplatin) Topoisomerase II inhibitors (VP16) Taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) | Overall, slightly decreasing | ICI (Pembrolizumab); ICI (Atezolizumab, Durvalumab) + CT; TA (for oncogene-addicted NSCLC, Osimertinib, Afatinib …