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[Morphologic and molecular neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease].

Alzheimer disease lesions include the abnormal accumulation of two proteins normally present in neurons: tau protein and Abeta peptide. Tau protein aggregates into fibrils in the cell body of neurons (neurofibrillary tangles), in dendrites (neuropil threads) and in degenerating axons that constitute the corona of the senile plaque. Tau pathology progresses in the brain areas in a stereotyped manner and in parallel with the clinical symptoms. Abeta extracellular deposits may be diffuse or focal. The Abeta focal deposit constitutes the core of the senile plaque. Progression of the Abeta lesions,…

Abnormal Sp1 transcription factor expression in Alzheimer disease and tauopathies.

Sp1 transcription factor expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in Alzheimer disease (AD), Pick disease (PiD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), Parkinson disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Sp1 partly co-localizes with hyper-phosphorylated tau deposits in neurofibrillary tangles, dystrophic neurites of senile plaques and neuropil threads in AD, and in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes bearing hyper-phosphorylated tau in PiD and PSP. Sp1 is not found in alpha-synuclein inclusions in PD and DLB. These modifications ar…

Morphological alteration of temporal lobe gray matter in dyslexia: an MRI study.

Functional imaging studies of developmental dyslexia have reported reduced task-related neural activity in the temporal and inferior parieta … rtex. Reductions of temporal lobe gray matter may reflect a regional decrease in neuronal number or neuropil, which in turn may result in reading impairment.

The postnatal growth of cochlear nucleus subdivisions and neuronal somata of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

We have analysed the postnatal volume increase of the cochlear nucleus subdivisions from birth to senescence in the Mongolian gerbil. All su … e growth of the antero-ventral cochlear nucleus after the onset of hearing is due to changes in the neuropil.

Progressive tetraparesis and laryngeal paralysis in a young rottweiler with neuronal vacuolation and axonal degeneration: an Australian case.

A 5-month-old female Rottweiler dog was diagnosed to have a neurodegenerative disease that has been recently reported in Rottweilers from No … normalities throughout the nervous system including neuronal vacuolation, spongiform changes in the neuropil and axonal degeneration which was most prominent in the spinal cord. These clinical and pathological findings are consistent with the diagnosis of a new neurodegenerative disease reported from North America and Europe. This diagnosis is of particula …

Butyrylcholinesterase regulates laminar retinogenesis of the chick embryo in vitro.

During chicken neurogenesis, the sequential expression of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) between final cell pr … s a consequence of BChE inhibition both, organization of nuclear cell layers and of plexiform-like (neuropile) areas, as detected by an antibody to the fiber fasciculation protein F11, is temporally advanced by at least two days. Moreover, AChE is almost fully diminished in these areas. The results further demonstrate novel roles of cholinesterases during …

Parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the lateral geniculate nucleus of rhesus monkeys raised under monocular and binocular deprivation conditions.

Newborn rhesus monkeys were raised under monocular (lid suture, aphakia, aphakia corrected optically with contact lenses, and occlusion with … connected to the deprived eye were of reduced size. Furthermore, PV-immunoreactive processes in the neuropil of deprived laminae were as numerous and of the same morphologies as those in nondeprived laminae or as in normal controls. Thus, in the LGN of rhesus monkeys, the calcium-binding protein paravalbumin is resistant to monocular as well as binocular v …

Характеристика агента скрипки, изолированного от овец в Японии.

Было отмечено, что патогенный агент, изолированный в мышах от мозга овцы, пораженной скрипчатой болезнью. Период инкубации болезни при первичной передаче от овец к мышам был более продолжительным, чем во вторичной и третичной передаче в том же штамме мышей. Прогрессивное разбавление инокулы вызвало продление периода инкубации. Инфекция вещества в 10% однородности головного мозга сохранялась, но снизилась примерно в 10 (3)−10(4) раза после нагрева при температуре 100 C в течение 30 минут. Гистологические изменения в мышечном мозге были связаны с вакуолизацией нервных клеток и дегенерацией губки

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
A pathogenic agent isolated in mice from the brain of a sheep affected by scrapie-like disease was characterized. The incubation period of t … ervous system. Fine rod-shaped granulae with a length of 3 to 5 nm were observed within the swollen neuropil, axon, and perivascular astrocytic process. No serum antibodies against available mouse viruses, parainfluenza type 1 virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and mouse reovirus type 3, were detected in any mice used in the experiments. These find …

What hope for repair of the brain?

The consequences of axonal injuries in the adult nervous system depend on the location of the axons: complete anatomical and functional repa … incapable of finding a pathway to the denervated tissues. Since the observations indicate that the neuropil of the central nervous system is capable of highly efficient synapse formation after injury, true repair of central nervous system damage might be possible if methods could be devised for dealing with the "pathway" problem.

Learning and memory in the honeybee.

Insects are favorable subjects for neuroethological studies. Their nervous systems are relatively small and contain many individually identifiable cells. The CNS is highly compartmentalized with clear separations between multisensory higher order neuropiles in the brain and neuropiles serving sensory-motor routines in the ventral cord (Huber, 1974). The rich behavior of insects includes orientation in space and time, visual, chemical, and mechanical communication, and complex motor routines for flying, walking, swimming, nest building, defense, and attack. Learning and memory, though, are not …

Nicotinic and muscarinic activation of motoneurons in the crayfish locomotor network.

1. We investigated the effects of acetylcholine (Ach) on identified motoneurons (MNs) using an in vitro preparation of the crayfish thoracic nervous system. Discontinuous current-clamp and single electrode voltage-clamp recordings from 50 MNs were performed along with micropipette pressure ejection of Ach (or agonists) close to the recording electrode. 2. Localized ejections of relatively large volumes (500-2,500 pl) of Ach (10(-2) M) or of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (Oxo, 10(-2)M) onto the MN neuropile region, usually (90% of the cases) induced a slow, alternating rhythmic activity i…

The D1 family dopamine receptor, DopR, potentiates hind leg grooming behavior in Drosophila.

Drosophila groom away debris and pathogens from the body using their legs in a stereotyped sequence of innate motor behaviors. Here, we inve … l to potentiate grooming behaviors in headless DopR flies. DopR protein is broadly expressed in the neuropil of the thoracic ganglion and overlaps with TH-positive dopaminergic neurons. Broad neuronal expression of dopamine receptor in mutant animals restored normal grooming behaviors. These data provide evidence for the role of DopR in potentiating hind l …

Synaptogenesis in the mouse olfactory bulb during glomerulus development.

Synaptogenesis is essential for the development of neuronal networks in the brain. In the olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli, numerous synapses must form between sensory olfactory neurons and the dendrites of mitral/tufted and periglomerular cells. Glomeruli develop from E13 to E16 in the mouse, coincident with an increment of the neuropil in the border between the external plexiform (EPL) and olfactory nerve layers (ONL), coupled to an extensive labelling of phalloidin and GAP-43 from the ONL to EPL. We have tracked synaptogenesis in the OB during this period by electron microscopy (EM) and immuno…

Identifiable nitrergic neurons in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina localized with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous intercellular messenger produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In this study, we used two different techniques-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry and NOS immunocytochemistry-to demonstrate that NOS is present in a pair of identifiable cells in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina. In the Melibe brain, NADPH-d histochemistry revealed only a single pair of bilaterally symmetrical cells in the cerebropleural ganglia. NOS activity also was found in the neuropil of the cerebral, pedal, an…

N-[4-(3-ethoxy-2-hydropropoxy)phenyl] acrylamide selectively induces apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells in vivo and in vitro in rats.

Oral administration of N-[4-(3-ethoxy-2-hydropropoxy)phenyl] acrylamide (EHA) induced selective granule cell destruction in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex together with neurological signs, such as delayed righting reflex, gait or truncal ataxia, and convulsion. Neuropathologically, it caused multifocal granule cell destruction with nuclear pyknosis and spongiosis of the neuropile in the granular layer. Other neurons, including Purkinje cells, were spared. Ultrastructurally, damaged granule cells showed aggregation of nuclear chromatin and cytoplasmic edema, but cytoplasmic organel…

[The development of a graft of embryonic mediobasal hypothalamus in the 3rd cerebral ventricle of the adult rat].

Development of the mediobasal hypothalamus from 15-day rat foetuses and 8-week human foetuses transplanted in the 3rd ventricle of the adult rat brain has been morphologically analyzed. The graft was shown to fill the ventral area of the 3rd ventricle and integrate with the host brain, as was especially distinct in the region of optic chiasma. The graft was abundantly vascularized and its vessels connected with the host brain vessels. The graft neurons were normally differentiating in situ. Some neurons migrated in the host brain. The graft neuropile ultrastructure was characterized by the abu…

Chemoarchitectonics of the brainstem in infrared sensitive and nonsensitive snakes.

The crotaline snake Agkistrodon possesses infrared receptors, whereas the colubrid Elaphe quadrivirgata does not. We compared the histochemi … inal tract (dlV) and the nucl. reticularis caloris (rc) showed to moderate SDH activity in the main neuropil and/or perikarya. These nuclei were not conspicuous in AChE preparations. The marginal neuropil of the dlV had weak SDH, and moderate AChE and MAO activity. Common sensory trigeminal system: Moderate activity of the 3 enzymes was seen in the nucl. t …

Analysis of decreased conductance serotonergic response in Aplysia ink motor neurons.

Micropressure ejection of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) produced excitatory responses in the L14 ink motor neurons of Aplysia that depended on the site of application. Ejection of 5-HT onto the cell body produced a slow response that showed variability in voltage sensitivity between preparations. In contrast, ejection of 5-HT onto the neuropil underneath the cell body produced a response whose amplitude was consistently a linear function of the holding potential, reversing near the predicted potassium equilibrium potential. Subsequent analyses focused on this second response. The neuro…

Brainstem tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease is characterized by increase of three repeat tau and independent of amyloid β.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer-type neuropil threads (NTs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are comprised of either 4 repeat (4R)-tau, 3 repeat (3R)-tau, or a mixture of both. In the hippocampus, the number of NFTs, and the proportion of 3R tau progressively increases. If this preferential accumulation of 3R tau also occurs in the brainstem, it may be fundamentally related to progression of Alzheimer pathology. METHODS: Midbrain and pontine sections of brainstems from 23 cases (Braak-NFT stages I/II: 8, III/IV: 8, and V/VI: 7) were double immunofluorolabeled for 4R and 3R tau. High-resolution (0.6…

Comparative ultrastructural features of excitatory synapses in the visual and frontal cortices of the adult mouse and monkey.

The excitatory glutamatergic synapse is the principal site of communication between cortical pyramidal neurons and their targets, a key locu … to assess the ultrastructural features of excitatory (asymmetric) synapses in the layers 2-3 (L2-3) neuropil of visual (V1) and frontal (FC) cortices of the adult mouse and compared findings to those in the rhesus monkey (V1 and lateral prefrontal cortex [LPFC]). Analyses of multiple ultrastructural variables revealed four organizational features. First, t …