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The properties and mechanism of action of plant immunomodulators in regulation of immune response - A narrative review focusing on Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Moringa oleifera Lam.

Herbal treatments have been utilized for millennia to cure a variety of ailments. There are over 20, 000 herbal remedies available to treat … this review describes the immunomodulatory agents from traditional plants such as Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, and Moringa oleifera Lam, further highlighting the common molecular targets and immunomodulatory mechanism involved in eradicating diseases.

Suppression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and TCA enzymes in discrete brain regions of mice exposed to high fluoride: amelioration by Panax ginseng (Ginseng) and Lagerstroemia speciosa (Banaba) extracts.

Chronic fluoride intoxication results in pathophysiological complications pertaining to soft tissues, called non-skeletal fluorosis. This study examined whether fluoride-induced alterations in selected parameters that are indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction accompany the toxic effects of fluoride in discrete brain regions in vivo and also explored the possibility of treatment with Ginseng (GE) and Banaba (BLE) either alone or with their co-exposure which is capable of reversing parameters indicative of fluoride-induced impairments in mitochondrial function. Swiss mice, Mus musculus, were g

Rapid On-Site Detection of Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng Using Portable Miniature Mass Spectrometry by Sodium Acetate-Enhanced Nanoelectrospray Ionization and a Same-Spectrum Same-Screening Quantification Strategy.

Ginsenosides are the major bioactive constituents in Panax ginseng (PG), exhibiting diverse pharmacological effects, including anticancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. On-site mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of ginsenosides plays a crucial role in PG quality control. However, owing to matrix effects, structural complexity, low volatility, poor proton affinity, and the presence of multiple glycosidic moieties, rapid analysis of ginsenosides using portable MS under ambient conditions remains challenging. Here, we developed a sodium acetate (NaOAc)-enhanced…

Несапонин из Панакс Гинсенг поддерживает целостность мозгового барьера, подавляя NF-ИБ и p38 MAP cinase сигнализирующих путей для предотвращения развития экспериментального аутоиммунного энцефаломиэлита.

НЕСАпонинская (NS) фракция является важным активным компонентом Панакс Гинсенга, имеющей многофункциональную фармакологическую деятельность, включая нейрозащиту, иммунную регламентацию, противовоспалительные и антиоксидантные эффекты. Однако воздействие НС на множественный склероз (МС) - хроническое и аутоиммунное демиелионирующее расстройство - пока еще не доказано. Цель настоящего исследования состояла в том, чтобы продемонстрировать фармакологические действия НСУ по дисфункциям движения и соответствующие механизмы действий с использованием экспериментальной аутоиммунной энцефаломиелитной мо

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: The non-saponin (NS) fraction is an important active component of Panax ginseng, with multifunctional pharmacological activities including neuroprotective, immune regulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the effects of NSs on multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic and autoimmune demyelinating disorder, have not yet been demons…

Ethyl acetate extract from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and its main constituents inhibit α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanogenesis by suppressing oxidative stress in B16 mouse melanoma cells.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hyperpigmentation disease involves darkening of the skin color due to melanin overproduction. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine and has a long history of use as a skin lightener to inhibit melanin formation in China, Korea and some other Asian countries. However, the constituents and the molecular mechanisms by which they affect melanogenesis are not fully clear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to identify the active ingredient in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer extract that inhibits mushroom tyrosinase activity and …

Total saponins from Panax japonicus attenuate acute alcoholic liver oxidative stress and hepatosteatosis by p62-related Nrf2 pathway and AMPK-ACC/PPARα axis in vivo and in vitro.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey. (PJ) has been used as a tonic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for years. Based on its meridian tropism in liver, spleen, and lung, PJ was popularly used to enhance the function of these organs. It is originally recorded with detoxicant effect on binge drink in Ben Cao Gang Mu Shi Yi, a persuasive Chinese materia medica. And binge dink has a close relationship with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Hence, it's meaningful to investigate whether PJ exerts liver protection against binge drink toxicity. AIM OF THE STUDY: This inve…

Panax quinquefolius saponins combined with dual antiplatelet drug therapy alleviate gastric mucosal injury and thrombogenesis through the COX/PG pathway in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have found that Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS) combined with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) of aspirin and clopidogrel enhances antithrombotic effects while reducing gastric mucosal injury induced by DAPT. We investigated the effects of the combined drug therapy (PQS+DAPT) through the COX/PG pathways. METHODS: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was induced in Wistar rats by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, and the animals were randomly divided into Model, DAPT, and PQS+DAPT groups. Rats in the sham group did not undergo artery l…

Beneficial effects of Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen flower saponins in rats with metabolic hypertension by inhibiting the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through complement 3.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic hypertension (MH) has become the most common type of hypertension in recent years due to unhealthy eating habits and lifestyles of people, such as over-eating alcohol, high fat, and sugar diets (ACHFSDs). Therefore, effective means to combat MH are needed. Previous studies have shown that Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen flower saponins (PNFS) can lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). However, whether it acts on MH and its mechanism of action remain unclear.  METHODS: The pharmacodynamic effects of PNFS were evaluated in rats with ACHFSDs-in…

Ginsenoside-Enriched Panax ginseng Sprouts Cultivated from Aquaponic System with a Novel Nutrient Solution Regulate LPS-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and UVB-Induced Photoaging Responses via MAPK/AP-1 Signaling Pathways.

Panax ginseng sprouts (GSs) have attracted attention as functional resources due to their short cultivation time and enriched ginsenoside content. This study aimed to evaluate the bioactivities of GSs cultivated using kelp fermentates (KF) as a nutrient solution under a smart-farming system. Ginsenoside-enriched extract (FGE), its water-soluble saponin fraction (WFGE), and 70% ethanol-soluble saponin fraction (EFGE) were analyzed for phytochemical contents and biological activities. The EFGE exhibited the highest levels of eight major ginsenosides, including Rg1, Rb1, Rc, Rg2, Rb2, Rd, Rf, and…

[Fingerprinting analysis of non-saponins from water-soluble part and determination of dencichine from Panax notoginseng, P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium based on liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detection].

This work describes the holistic fingerprinting method based on liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detection(CAD) to profile non-saponin from water-soluble parts and determination of dencichine in Panax ginseng(PG), P. quinquefolium(PQ) and P. notoginseng(PNG). Sample extraction was carried out by water with ultra sonication for 30 min, which was eluted by Retain PEP for further analysis. The analysis was performed on a Hypercarb of porous graphitized carbon(3.0 mm×150 mm, 3 μm) column with acetonitrile and 0.1% perfluoropentanoic acid as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL·m…

Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) attenuates leptin-induced cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of p115Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor-RhoA/Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation.

Leptin is a 16-kDa peptide primarily derived from white adipocytes and is typically elevated in plasma of obese individuals. Although leptin … therefore a potential target for inhibition. We investigated the effects of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), reported to reduce cardiac hypertrophy, on RhoA/ROCK and MAPK activation in ventricular cardiomyocytes exposed to leptin (50 ng/ml) and the possible role of p115RhoGEF and p63RhoGEF in these responses. Leptin produced a robust hypert …

Combined treatment with Acorus tatarinowii Schott and Panax notoginseng saponins ameliorates brain-gut axis dysfunction in MCAO/R rats with suppression of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and associated gut microbiota changes.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury disrupts the brain-gut axis, which involves the activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and gut microbiota dysregulation. Acorus tatarinowii Schott (AT) and Panax notoginseng saponins are traditional Chinese medicines with neuroprotective potential, yet the mechanism underlying their combined action remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 144 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups including: sham, model (transient middle cerebral artery occl…

Sesquiterpenoids from the Root of Panax ginseng Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior through the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B and Sirtuin Type 1/Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathways.

The previous study indicated sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax ginseng (SPG) exhibited a significant antidepressant-like effect, which might be mediated by the modification of the dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic systems. This study was to investigate antidepressant effects and mechanisms on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior of SPG. In the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST), SPG (0.25 and 1 mg/kg, i.g.) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) effectively reduced the immobility time. SPG treatment significantly reduced serum levels of I…

Effects of Korean White Ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) on Vascular and Glycemic Health in Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Multiple-crossover, Acute Dose Escalation Trial.

UNLABELLED: Korean red ginseng (steam treated Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), among most prized traditional herbal remedies, has been clinically shown to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Whether this holds true for the dried non-steamed variety, known as Korean white ginseng (KWG) is unclear. This study therefore, investigated the efficacy and safety of escalating doses of KWG on vascular and glycemic parameters in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Using an acute, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design, 25 participants with well-controlled T2DM (12-males: 13-females,…

Ginseng extract and ginsenoside Rb1 attenuate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Ginsenosides, the major bioactive compounds in ginseng root, have been found to have antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigated the effects of ginsenosides on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis in rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, CCl4, CCl4 + 0.5 g/kg Panax ginseng extract and CCl4 + 0.05 g/kg ginsenoside Rb1 groups. The treated groups were orally given Panax ginseng extract or ginsenoside Rb1 two weeks before the induction of liver injury for successi…

The effect of Chinese hepatoprotective medicines on experimental liver injury in mice.

The purpose of this study was to compare the hepatoprotective effects of seven Chinese herbal compounds/mixtures on four known hepatotoxicants in mice. These compounds include fulvotomentosides oleanolic acid, total saponins of Panax japonicus (Jgs), total saponins of Panax notoginseng (Ngs), sweroside, oxymatrine, and dimethyl dicarboxylate biphenyl (DDB). All have previously been reported to exhibit hepatoprotective effects. Acute liver injury was produced in male CF-1 mice by CCl4, acetaminophen, cadmium chloride and allyl alcohol. Liver damage was assessed by quantifying serum activities o…

[Acute anterior myocardial infarction presented with cardiogenic shock in a patient on herbal medication].

Uncontrolled usage of herbal medications may cause problems that can lead to serious complications, including death. Panax is thought to have hypocholesterolemic, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, and antimicrobial effects via its saponin ingredient and positive inotropic effects via its panax ginseng effect. However, clinical studies have shown that it can increase the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels secondary to its hypocholesterolemic effect, have a hypertensive effect in chronic users via ginseng abuse syndrome, and also have hypotensive effects. Here, we present a case with typical…

Enhancing ginsenoside isomers annotation by integrated analysis of electron-activated dissociation and collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry.

Natural products, with their diverse structures and biological activities, are a critical source for new drug development. Advances in mass … nsenosides. The developed method enables precise characterization of unknown ginsenoside isomers in Panax species including Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, and Panax quinquefolius, and reveals species-specific features, thereby facilitating improved quality control. The proposed strategy effectively addresses the challenge of distinguishing ginsenosid …

The effect of ginseng extract on fatigue in cancer survivors: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most prevalent and debilitating long-term symptoms among cancer survivors, particularly those with gastrointestinal malignancies. Previous studies on Panax ginseng supplementation have shown inconsistent findings, and evidence in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer survivors remains limited. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of standardized Panax ginseng extract in reducing CRF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 65 survivors (≥ 4 months post-treatment) with moderate-to-severe…