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Autophagy in tumor immune escape and immunotherapy.

The immunotherapy targeting tumor immune escape mechanisms has become a critical strategy in anticancer treatment; however, the challenge of immune resistance remains significant. Autophagy, a cellular response to various stressors, involves the degradation of damaged proteins and organelles via lysosomal pathways, maintaining cellular homeostasis. This process not only supports tumor cell survival but also profoundly impacts the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. The modulation of autophagy in tumor cells or immune cells exerts dual effects on tumor immune escape and immunotherapy. However,

Exploiting the Ref-1-APE1 node in cancer signaling and other diseases: from bench to clinic.

Reduction-oxidation factor 1-apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ref-1/APE1) is a critical node in tumor cells, both as a redox regulator of transcription factor activation and as part of the DNA damage response. As a redox signaling protein, Ref-1/APE1 enhances the transcriptional activity of STAT3, HIF-1α, nuclear factor kappa B, and other transcription factors to promote growth, migration, and survival in tumor cells as well as inflammation and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Ref-1/APE1 is activated in a variety of cancers, including prostate, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, lung an

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… increase in Ref-1/APE1 expression in NSCLC confers resistance to cisplatin treatment, while Ref-1/APE1 siRNA knockdown in A549 cancer cells significantly enhances cisplatin cytotoxicity. 202 Patients with tumors not expressing Ref-1/APE1 respond better to platinum-paclitaxel therapy 203 and cisplatin-docetaxel-gemcitabine … Several commonly used chemotherapeutic agents disrupt microtubule dynamics, including docetaxel, paclitaxel, and vinblastine. Therefore, those agents show promise for being able to be paired with Ref-1/APE1 inhibition. …

Parasites revive hope for cancer therapy.

Parasites have attained a life-long stigma of being detrimental organisms with deleterious outcomes. Yet, recently, a creditable twist was verified that can dramatically change our perception of those parasites from being a source of misery to millions of people to a useful anti-cancerous tool. Various parasites have shown promise to combat cancer in different experimental models, including colorectal, lung, and breast cancers, among others. Helminths and protozoan parasites, as well as their derivatives such as Echinococcus granulosus protein KI-1, Toxoplasma gondii GRA15II, and Trypanosoma c

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… carrier for anti-cancer drug delivery, VDC886 [hemiasterlin analog (KT886) conjugated to rVAR2] In vitro Induced strong cytotoxicity to C32 human and B16 murine melanoma cells [ 90 ] Recombinant malaria protein VAR2 CSA-malaria mimicking erythrocyte nanoparticles loaded with the anti-neoplastic agent, docetaxel … In vitro and in vivo Killed melanoma cells in vitro and effective targeting and therapeutic efficacy in a xenografted melanoma model [ 281 ] Recombinant malaria protein VAR2 CSA-modified activated platelet-mimicking nanoparticles (rVAR2-PM/PLGA-ss-HA) loaded with the anti-neoplastic agent, docetaxel …

Structure and function of therapeutic antibodies approved by the US FDA in 2025.

In 2025, the 50th anniversary of the invention of hybridoma technology, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved a total of 44 new molecular entities (NMEs), of which 10 were therapeutic antibody-based molecules. Additionally, the US FDA approved 31 small molecules (of which one was a peptide), and 3 new nonantibody therapeutic proteins, but no new chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapeutics. Of the new antibody-based biologics, two were antibody-drug conjugates, one was a T-cell engager-bispecific antibody, two were Fc-modified, half-life extended antibodies, a

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… As expected with an accelerated approval, Emrelis® is being further evaluated as a monotherapy head-to-head versus docetaxel in previously treated NSCLC patients with overexpressed wild-type cMET in an open-label randomized Phase 3 confirmatory global study ( NCT04928846 ) [ 195 ]. …

Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Contemporary Oncology: A Clinical Perspective on Dose Optimization, Sequencing, and Combination Strategies.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have matured from a technically challenging concept into an established therapeutic platform across hematologic and solid malignancies. By linking a monoclonal antibody to a potent cytotoxic payload, ADCs seek to increase tumor-directed drug delivery while limiting systemic exposure; however, clinical performance depends on much more than target expression. Target accessibility, antigen density and heterogeneity, internalization, intracellular trafficking, linker stability, payload properties, drug-to-antibody ratio, bystander effect, tumor penetration, and host

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… Datopotamab Deruxtecan Versus Docetaxel for Previously Treated Advanced or Metastatic Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Randomized, Open-Label Phase III TROPION-Lung01 Study J. Clin. Oncol. 2025 43 260 272 10.1200/jco-24-01544 39250535 PMC11771353 38. Sands J. Ahn M.-J. Lisberg A. Cho B.C. …

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Is it an Effective Treatment for Cancer Pain?

Cancer is a major public health issue, with an estimated 20 million new cases and 9.7 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2022. Approximately 44.5% of patients experience cancer pain, significantly impacting their quality of life and causing physical and psychological burdens. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation technique, shows potential in managing cancer pain. This review summarizes current research on rTMS for cancer pain, focusing on pain directly caused by tumors, pain from cancer treatments, postoperative pain, and cancer-related sy

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… Kuo et al. [ 101 ] conducted a study on a right-handed Caucasian female with left breast cancer who had undergone four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel and cyclophosphamide. …

Gene and Cell Therapy for Sarcomas: A Review.

Background: The heterogeneity of sarcomas and resulting distinct sub-type specific characteristics, their high recurrence rates, and tendency for distant metastasis, continue to present significant challenges to providing optimal treatments. Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of current literature and clinical trials in gene and cell therapies for sarcomas. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.gov. Search terms included "gene therapy", "cell therapy", "NK cell therapy, "CAR-T the

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… These include doxorubicin, ifosfamide/mesna for all sarcomas, etoposide, vincristine and irinotecan for Ewing sarcoma, gemcitabine, dacarbazine, docetaxel, and trabectedin for soft tissue sarcoma. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy have become increasingly popular for certain subtypes of sarcoma. …

Oncolytic Viruses as Reliable Adjuvants in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors.

Although impactful scientific advancements have recently been made in cancer therapy, there remains an opportunity for future improvements. Immunotherapy is perhaps one of the most cutting-edge categories of therapies demonstrating potential in the clinical setting. Genetically engineered T cells express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which can detect signals expressed by the molecules present on the surface of cancer cells, also called tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Their effectiveness has been extensively demonstrated in hematological cancers; therefore, these results can establish th

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… Cancer-cell-secreted CXCL11 promoted CD8+ T cells infiltration through docetaxel-induced-release of HMGB1 in NSCLC. J. Immunother. Cancer. 2019;7:42. doi: 10.1186/s40425-019-0511-6. 46. …

Inhibition of EIF2α Dephosphorylation Decreases Cell Viability and Synergizes with Standard-of-Care Chemotherapeutics in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Drug resistance is a common cause of therapy failure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). One approach to tackling it is by targeting fundamental cellular processes, such as translation. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (EIF2α) is a key player in canonical translation initiation and integrates diverse stress signals; when phosphorylated, it curbs global protein synthesis. This study evaluates EIF2α expression and phosphorylation in HNSCC. A small-molecule inhibitor of EIF2α dephosphorylation, salubrinal, was tested in vitro, followed by viability assays, flow cytome

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… Results of clinical trials in HNSCC are still emerging but appear promising in combination with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), and docetaxel [ 7 ]. It would be interesting to test whether additional pharmacological phosphorylation of EIF2α with salubrinal is beneficial. …

Antidepressant Drug Sertraline against Human Cancer Cells.

The use of FDA-approved drugs for new indications represents a faster and more economical way to find novel therapeutic agents for cancer therapy, compared to the development of new drugs. Repurposing drugs is advantageous in a pharmacological context since these drugs already have extensive data related to their pharmacokinetics, facilitating their approval process for different diseases. Several studies have reported the promising anticancer effects of sertraline, both alone and combined, in different types of cancer cell lines. Here, we performed a literature review on the anticancer potent

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… Moreover, the same research group also demonstrated that the combination of sertraline with docetaxel, a common antineoplastic used in the treatment of breast cancer, induces a reduction in tumor cell proliferation and causes cell death in mammary tumor allografts, in a synergistic way [ 57 ]. …

Biotechnological Innovations from Ocean: Transpiring Role of Marine Drugs in Management of Chronic Disorders.

Marine drugs are abundant in number, comprise of a diverse range of structures with corresponding mechanisms of action, and hold promise for the discovery of new and better treatment approaches for the management of several chronic diseases. There are huge reserves of natural marine biological compounds, as 70 percent of the Earth is covered with oceans, indicating a diversity of chemical entities on the planet. The marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive products and have been explored for lead drug molecules that have proven to be novel therapeutic targets. Over the last 70 years, m

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… For instance, the most primarily used chemotherapeutic drugs for the management of prostrate, breast, and other cancers—namely, docetaxel and paclitaxel—are derived from the taxanes plant. …

Cardiogenic shock among cancer patients.

Sophisticated cancer treatments, cardiovascular risk factors, and aging trigger acute cardiovascular diseases in an increasing number of cancer patients. Among acute cardiovascular diseases, cancer treatment, as well as the cancer disease itself, may induce a cardiogenic shock. Although increasing, these cardiogenic shocks are still relatively limited, and their management is a matter of debate in cancer patients. Etiologies that cause cardiogenic shock are slightly different from those of non-cancer patients, and management has some specific features always requiring a multidisciplinary appro

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… Time of onset Antimetabolites 5-FU Capecitabine | Vasospasm | Within 2 to 5 days Alkylating agents Cisplatin | Oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction | Within 3 months TKIs Sunitinib Nilotinib | Endothelial, platelets and coagulation activation | Within 2 years Anti-microtubule agents Paclitaxel Docetaxel …

Combining Radiation Therapy with ALK Inhibitors in Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Clinical and Preclinical Overview.

Over the past years, the identification of genetic alterations in oncogenic drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has significantly and favorably transformed the outcome of patients who can benefit from targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Among these genetic alterations, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements were discovered in 2007 and are present in 3-5% of patients with NSCLC. In addition, radiotherapy remains one of the cornerstones of NSCLC treatment. Moreover, improvements in the field of radiotherapy with the use of hypofractionated or ablative stereo

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… Several randomized phase III trials have demonstrated improved efficiency using EGFR or ALK inhibitors with regard to cytotoxic chemotherapies such as platinum agents combined with pemetrexed or docetaxel, indicating that targeted therapies should be the standard care for some selected patients [ 1 , …

A review of neurotoxicities associated with immunotherapy and a framework for evaluation.

Immuno-oncology agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapies, are increasing in use for a growing list of oncologic indications. While harnessing the immune system against cancer cells has a potent anti-tumor effect, it can also cause widespread autoimmune toxicities that limit therapeutic potential. Neurologic toxicities have unique presentations and can progress rapidly, necessitating prompt recognition. In this article, we review the spectrum of central and peripheral neurologic immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated

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… Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(2):123–135. 3. Neelapu SS, Locke FL, Bartlett NL, et al. Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in refractory Large B-Cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(26):2531–2544. 4. …

The Power of Phytochemicals Combination in Cancer Chemoprevention.

Conventional therapies for cancer treatment have posed many challenges, including toxicity, multidrug resistance and economic expenses. In contrast, complementary alternative medicine (CAM), employing phytochemicals have recently received increased attention owing to their capability to modulate a myriad of molecular mechanisms with a less toxic effect. Increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that phytochemicals can favorably modulate several signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. Combinations of phytochemicals promote cell death, inhibit c

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… Chemotherapeutic agents such as docetaxel, gemcitabine and cisplatin promote NF-kB activation in cancer cells - a possible cause of drug resistance 135 . …

Upcoming Revolutionary Paths in Preclinical Modeling of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma.

To date, PDAC remains the cancer having the worst prognosis with mortality rates constantly on the rise. Efficient cures are still absent, despite all attempts to understand the aggressive physiopathology underlying this disease. A major stumbling block is the outdated preclinical modeling strategies applied in assessing effectiveness of novel anticancer therapeutics. Current in vitro preclinical models have a low fidelity to mimic the exact architectural and functional complexity of PDAC tumor found in human set, due to the lack of major components such as immune system and tumor microenviron

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… Gene expression signature predicting pathologic complete response with gemcitabine, epirubicin, and docetaxel in primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. (2006) 24:1839–45. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.7019 111. Guinney J, Ferté C, Dry J, McEwen R, Manceau G, Kao KJ, et al. …

Bisphosphonate Treatment Ameliorates Chemotherapy-Induced Bone and Muscle Abnormalities in Young Mice.

Chemotherapy is frequently accompanied by several side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, anorexia and fatigue. Evidence from ours and other groups suggests that chemotherapy can also play a major role in causing not only cachexia, but also bone loss. This complicates prognosis and survival among cancer patients, affects quality of life, and can increase morbidity and mortality rates. Recent findings suggest that soluble factors released from resorbing bone directly contribute to loss of muscle mass and function secondary to metastatic cancer. However, it remains unknown whether similar mech

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… Addition of docetaxel or bisphosphonates to standard of care in men with localised or metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analyses of aggregate data. Lancet Oncol. (2016) 17:243–56. 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00489-1 32. Finianos A, Aragon-Ching JB. …

Carbohydrate Targets for CAR T Cells in Solid Childhood Cancers.

Application of the CAR targeting strategy in solid tumors is challenged by the need for adequate target antigens. As a consequence of their tissue origin, embryonal cancers can aberrantly express membrane-anchored gangliosides. These are carbohydrate molecules consisting of a glycosphingolipid linked to sialic acids residues. The best-known example is the abundant expression of ganglioside GD2 on the cell surface of neuroblastomas which derive from GD2-positive neuroectoderm. Gangliosides are involved in various cellular functions, including signal transduction, cell proliferation, differentia

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… Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. (2015) 373:123–35. 10.1056/NEJMoa1504627 2. Topalian SL, Sznol M, McDermott DF, Kluger HM, Carvajal RD, Sharfman WH, et al. …

Identifying novel genes and biological processes relevant to the development of cancer therapy-induced mucositis: An informative gene network analysis.

Mucositis is a complex, dose-limiting toxicity of chemotherapy or radiotherapy that leads to painful mouth ulcers, difficulty eating or swallowing, gastrointestinal distress, and reduced quality of life for patients with cancer. Mucositis is most common for those undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and for those being treated for malignancies of the head and neck. Treatment and management of mucositis remain challenging. It is expected that multiple genes are involved in the formation, severity, and persistence of mucositis. We used Ingenuity Pathway A

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… Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. …

Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Metastasis: Which Targets Came from the Bench to the Bedside?

Bone metastases ultimately result from a complex interaction between cancer cells and bone microenvironment. However, prior to the colonization of the bone, cancer cells must succeed through a series of steps that will allow them to detach from the primary tumor, enter into circulation, recognize and adhere to specific endothelium, and overcome dormancy. We now know that as important as the metastatic cascade, tumor cells prime the secondary organ microenvironment prior to their arrival, reflecting the existence of specific metastasis-initiating cells in the primary tumor and circulating osteo

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… Patients had to be previously treated with docetaxel, unless they were ineligible or refused to receive it. The primary endpoint was median overall survival (OS), which was improved in 3.6 months (14.9 vs. 11.3 months, HR 0.70, p < 0.001). …