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Toward fully exploiting the therapeutic potential of marketed pharmaceuticals: the use of octreotide and chloroquine in oncology.

Pleiotropy in biological systems and their targeting allows many pharmaceuticals to be used for multiple therapeutic purposes. Fully exploiting the therapeutic properties of drugs that are already marketed would be highly advantageous. This is especially the case in the field of oncology, where the ineffectiveness of typical anticancer agents is a common issue, while the development of novel anticancer agents is a costly and particularly time-consuming process. Octreotide and chloroquine are two pharmaceuticals that exhibit profound antitumorigenic activities. However, the current therapeutic

Targeting myeloid villains in the treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastrointestinal cancer.

Despite the clinical outcomes being extremely limited, blocking immune inhibitory checkpoint pathways has been in the spotlight as a promising strategy for treating gastrointestinal cancer. However, a distinct strategy for the successful treatment is obviously needed in the clinical settings. Myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells, are the majority of cellular components in the human immune system, but have received relatively less attention for the practical implementation than T cells and NK cells in cancer therapy because of concentration of the int

Novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials: emerging approaches in cancer therapy.

Novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials offer a paradigm shift in the approach to battling this prevalent and destructive disease, and the area of cancer therapy is on the precipice of a trans formative revolution. Despite the importance of tried-and-true cancer treatments like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the disease continues to evolve and adapt, making new, more potent methods necessary. The field of cancer therapy is currently witnessing the emergence of a wide range of innovative approaches. Immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell treatment, and cancer vacc

Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Ushering in a New Era of Cancer Therapy.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have provided new therapeutic options and significant promise for patients with cancer, particularly where existing treatments are limited. Substantial effort in ADC development is underway globally, with 13 ADCs currently approved and many more in development. The therapeutic benefits of ADCs leverage the ability to selectively target cancer cells through antibody binding, resultant relative sparing of non-malignant tissues, and the targeted delivery of a cytotoxic payload. Consequently, this drug class has demonstrated activity in multiple malignancies refract

Current Overview of Treatment for Metastatic Bone Disease.

The number of patients with bone metastasis increases as medical management and surgery improve the overall survival of patients with cancer. Bone metastasis can cause skeletal complications, including bone pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord or nerve root compression, and hypercalcemia. Before initiation of treatment for bone metastasis, it is important to exclude primary bone malignancy, which would require a completely different therapeutic approach. It is essential to select surgical methods considering the patient's prognosis, quality of life, postoperative function, and risk of pos

Respiratory and Thoracic Medicine

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Guidelines on deep vein thrombosis of the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery.

Deep vein thrombosis is one of the main causes of inpatient and outpatient morbidity, both in medical and surgical patients, significantly impacting mortality statistics and requiring prompt diagnosis so that treatment can be initiated immediately. This document was prepared and reviewed by 11 specialists certified by the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, who searched the main databases for the best evidence on the diagnostic (physical examination, imaging) and therapeutic approaches (heparin, coumarins, direct oral anticoagulants, fibrinolytics) to the disease.

Influence of the Mediterranean Diet on Healthy Aging.

The life expectancy of the global population has increased. Aging is a natural physiological process that poses major challenges in an increasingly long-lived and frail population. Several molecular mechanisms are involved in aging. Likewise, the gut microbiota, which is influenced by environmental factors such as diet, plays a crucial role in the modulation of these mechanisms. The Mediterranean diet, as well as the components present in it, offer some proof of this. Achieving healthy aging should be focused on the promotion of healthy lifestyle habits that reduce the development of pathologi

Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания

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Иммуноглобулиновые добавки и более длинные интервалы дозирования уменьшают риск инфицирования пациентов с ОРМ, обработанных теклистамбом.

Пациенты с реактивной/редактированной множественной миеломой (RRMM), которые проходят курс лечения с использованием диалектических антител (BSAbs) на базе BCMA, подвергаются повышенному риску инфицирования. Предыдущие исследования показали, что лечение иммуноглобулином внутривенно снижает риск серьезных инфекций. Однако вопрос о том, сокращает ли ИГИ инфекцию всех классов и имеет ли место воздействие более продолжительных интервалов дозирования на риск инфицирования, остается неизвестным. Для решения этой проблемы мы провели ретроспективное расследование 80 Пациенты с RRMM, которых лечили текл

CAR-T Cell Therapy: Managing Side Effects and Overcoming Challenges.

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is an innovative and promising approach to treat cancer. Clinical trials have demonstrated remarkable results, providing hope for patients who have exhausted more traditional therapies. However, this new therapy is not without challenges, as significant side effects have been associated with it. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a widely recognized and consequential side effect of CAR-T cell therapy. Neurological toxicity is another potential side effect that can cause confusion and seizures in some patients. Hematologic toxicities, such as ane

The Application Progress of Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Models After Cholangiocarcinoma Surgeries.

Surgical treatment is the only possible cure for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) at present. However, the high recurrence rate of postoperative CCA leads to a very poor prognosis for patients, effective postoperative chemotherapy is hence the key to preventing the recurrence of CCA. The sensitivity of CCA to cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs and targeted drugs varies from person to person, and therefore, the screening of sensitive drugs has become an important topic after CCA surgeries. Patient-Derived tumor Xenograft models (PDX) can stably retain the genetic and pathological characteristics of primary t

Metformin and Its Benefits for Various Diseases.

Metformin is a widely used biguanide drug due to its safety and low cost. It has been used for over 60 years to treat type 2 diabetes at the early stages because of its outstanding ability to decrease plasma glucose levels. Over time, different uses of metformin were discovered, and the benefits of metformin for various diseases and even aging were verified. These diseases include cancers (e.g., breast cancer, endometrial cancer, bone cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma), obesity, liver diseases, cardiovascular disease, and renal diseases. Metformin exerts different effects through differe

Global ethylene oxide uses in foods and considerations for food safety.

Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a sterilant widely used for medical devices, but its use is controversial due to its carcinogenicity. In some countries, EtO is also used to fumigate food to eliminate foodborne pathogens, though this practice is banned in others. National regulations on EtO use in food vary widely; exporting countries prioritize trade facilitation and prevention of foodborne illness, while importing countries emphasize maintaining food safety and promoting domestic public health. These divergent public health priorities present challenges to establishing universal maximum residue limit

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… This finding is consistent with expectations based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and the molecular properties of ethylene oxide, including its small size, ready gastrointestinal absorption, and ability to form covalent adducts with proteins and nucleic acids, resulting in genotoxic …

Exploring the genetic alterations of Gorham-Stout disease.

The "vanishing bone disease" or Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a very rare disorder characterized by massive lymphatic and angiomatous proliferation accompanied by progressive osteolysis, without the deposition of new bone matrix. Because of its rare and complex clinical features, diagnosis is challenging and its etiopathogenesis is not completely known; the genetic basis of GSD has been hypothesized and different mutations have been reported in patients. Our review aims to describe all these genetic alterations found in GSD patients and their association with clinical features. The identificat

Should treatment of hypogammaglobulinemia with immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT) become standard of care in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

Hypogammaglobulinemia (HGG) is a frequent finding in patients with hematological malignancies, and is commonly described in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) before or after treatment. We reviewed published literature available online in the last thirty years through Medline search of indexed articles focusing on the main differences and advantages of the products now available on the market, namely intravenous Ig (IVIg) and subcutaneous Ig (SCIg) preparations. IgRT is effective and safe in the prophylaxis of infections in a selected group of patients with CLL and hypogammaglobulinemia and is

Current Status of COVID-19 Therapies and Drug Repositioning Applications.

The rapid and global spread of a new human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has produced an immediate urgency to discover promising targets for the treatment of COVID-19. Drug repositioning is an attractive approach that can facilitate the drug discovery process by repurposing existing pharmaceuticals to treat illnesses other than their primary indications. Here, we review current information concerning the global health issue of COVID-19 including promising approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials for prospective treatment options. In addition, we describe computational approaches to be used in dru

Exosomes in the Repair of Bone Defects: Next-Generation Therapeutic Tools for the Treatment of Nonunion.

Nonunion with bone defects, a common complication after long bone fracture, is a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons worldwide because of the high incidence rate and difficulties in achieving successful treatment. Bone defects are the main complications of nonunion. The conventional biological treatments for nonunion with bone defects involve the use of autologous bone grafts or bone graft substitutes and cell-based therapy. Traditional nonunion treatments have always been associated with safety issues and various other complications. Bone grafts have limited autologous cancellous bone an

Drug Repurposing for the Management of Depression: Where Do We Stand Currently?

A slow rate of new drug discovery and higher costs of new drug development attracted the attention of scientists and physicians for the repurposing and repositioning of old medications. Experimental studies and off-label use of drugs have helped drive data for further studies of approving these medications. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of depression encourages novel discoveries through drug repurposing and drug repositioning to treat depression. In addition to reducing neurotransmitters like epinephrine and serotonin, other mechanisms such as inflammation, insufficient blood supp

Integrating Nature Into Oncology: Enhancing Hematological Malignancies Therapies With Natural Medicine.

Hematological malignancies are complex clonal disorders that pose a significant threat to human health. Current treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation, have demonstrated efficacy but are often limited by side effects, drug resistance, and suboptimal cure rates. Natural medicines, as key elements of complementary and alternative medicine, exhibit considerable potential in combating hematological cancers. Particularly when used in combination with conventional therapies, they can enhance treatment efficacy and reverse drug resis