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High-dose intravenous vitamin C, a promising multi-targeting agent in the treatment of cancer.

Mounting evidence indicates that vitamin C has the potential to be a potent anti-cancer agent when administered intravenously and in high doses (high-dose IVC). Early phase clinical trials have confirmed safety and indicated efficacy of IVC in eradicating tumour cells of various cancer types. In recent years, the multi-targeting effects of vitamin C were unravelled, demonstrating a role as cancer-specific, pro-oxidative cytotoxic agent, anti-cancer epigenetic regulator and immune modulator, reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, inhibiting hypoxia and oncogenic kinase signalling and b

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… One of the causes of cancer cells being more susceptible to high-dose VitC is their increased level of labile iron (Fe 2+ iron amenable to exchange between reactions), which reacts with H 2 O 2 to form the damaging hydroxyl radical (OH • ) [ 224 ]. …

" Глаза как окно к нейродегенерации: окисляющий стресс " , " Оптическая уязвимость нерва " и " Стержневой обзор биомаркеров-а " .

Нейродегенеративные заболевания представляют собой серьезное и растущее бремя для здоровья населения мира, характеризующееся постепенной нейронной дисфункцией, аксонной дегенерацией и необратимой потерей нейронных тканей. Все больше фактов указывает на окислительный стресс как на один из нескольких взаимодействующих патогенных механизмов в болезни Альцгеймера, болезни Паркинсона, амиотропического бокового склероза и нескольких оптических нейропот. Все больше внимания уделяется оси мозга и сетчатки, поскольку сетчатка и зрительный нерв делятся структурными, метаболическими и молекулярными харак

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… Mechanism Domain | Key Mediators/Molecular Effectors | Role in Optic-Nerve and Retinal Neurodegeneration | Refs ROS/RNS and redox imbalance | Superoxide (O 2 • − ), H 2 O 2 , hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite (ONOO − ); NADPH oxidases (NOX1/2/4), xanthine oxidase, uncoupled NOS; lipid peroxidation, protein …

Mitochondrial Determinants of Anti-Cancer Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Mitochondria are key organelles for the maintenance of myocardial tissue homeostasis, playing a pivotal role in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, calcium signaling, redox homeostasis, and thermogenesis, as well as in the regulation of crucial pathways involved in cell survival. On this basis, it is not surprising that structural and functional impairments of mitochondria can lead to contractile dysfunction, and have been widely implicated in the onset of diverse cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and stroke. Several studies support mitochondrial t

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… In addition, GSH represents a non-enzymatic antioxidant, able to directly neutralize the hydroxyl radical [ 26 ]. In this context, it is important to underline that the GSH/GSSG ratio can be considered a useful indicator of oxidative stress [ 27 ]. …

"Bioinspired" Membrane-Coated Nanosystems in Cancer Theranostics: A Comprehensive Review.

Achieving precise cancer theranostics necessitates the rational design of smart nanosystems that ensure high biological safety and minimize non-specific interactions with normal tissues. In this regard, "bioinspired" membrane-coated nanosystems have emerged as a promising approach, providing a versatile platform for the development of next-generation smart nanosystems. This review article presents an in-depth investigation into the potential of these nanosystems for targeted cancer theranostics, encompassing key aspects such as cell membrane sources, isolation techniques, nanoparticle core sel

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… Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an intriguing treatment approach for tumors that involves using a light-excitable photosensitizing agent to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), superoxide radicals (•O − 2 ), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). …

Emerging Research and Future Directions on Doxorubicin: A Snapshot.

Doxorubicin, a widely used anthracycline antibiotic, has been a cornerstone in cancer chemotherapy since the 1960s. In addition to doxorubicin, anthracycline chemotherapy medications include daunorubicin, idarubicin, and epirubicin. For many years, doxorubicin has been the chemotherapy drug of choice for treating a broad variety of cancers. Despite its efficacy, doxorubicin therapy is hindered by serious side effects, primarily cardiotoxicity, and the challenges of drug resistance. Recent research has focused on optimizing doxorubicin's therapeutic index by developing cardioprotective strategi

Nanomedicine Approaches for Autophagy Modulation in Cancer Therapy.

Cancer is a daunting global health problem with a steadily rising incidence. Despite the wide arsenal of current anticancer therapies, challenges such as drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, poor targeting, and severe side effects often lead to suboptimal efficacy and poor patient outcomes, highlighting the need for innovative therapies. Autophagy modulation has emerged as an attractive approach to complement existing therapies. The dual role of autophagy in cancer promotion and suppression has inspired the development of new drugs and therapeutic strategies focusing on both inhibition and in

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… Once inside the cells, Cu 2+ is reduced to Cu + by GSH to generate hydroxyl radicals for ROS‐mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT) (see Section 4.6 ). …

Contemporary Perspectives on Chronic Renal Disorders.

The prevalence of renal diseases and its associated burden on healthcare have tremendously risen in the past few years. From simple markers assessing kidney function, current renal research delves into understanding the diseases at the cellular and molecular levels and not just at treating, but at improving quality of life, arresting progression and providing personalized diagnostics and therapy. This narrative review highlights the improvements in diagnostic applications of kidney disease and briefly discusses a few notable biomarkers emphasizing the high throughput omics technologies, as wel

Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods.

The number of cancer cases worldwide keeps growing unstoppably, despite the undeniable advances achieved by basic research and clinical practice. Urologic tumors, including some as prevalent as prostate, bladder or kidney tumors, are no exceptions to this rule. Moreover, the fact that many of these tumors are detected in early stages lengthens the duration of their treatment, with a significant increase in health care costs. In this scenario, prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the global control of these diseases. Although specialized diets are not the only way to

The Burden of Cancer, Government Strategic Policies, and Challenges in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review.

Cancer is a severe condition characterized by uncontrolled cell division and increasing reported mortality and diagnostic cases. In 2040, an estimated 28.4 million cancer cases are expected to happen globally. In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) had been diagnosed worldwide, with around 10.0 million cancer deaths. Breast cancer cases have increased by 2.26 million, lung cancer by 2.21 million, stomach by 1.089 million, liver by 0.96 million, and colon cancer by 1.93 million. Cancer is becoming more prevalent in Pakistan, with 19

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… Substantial antimutagenic factors and hydroxyl radical scavengers have been found in Turnip seeds ( 68 ). Flavonoids, also present in tomatoes, have been shown to prevent carcinogenesis in vitro , and there is strong evidence that they can do so in vivo ( 69 , 70 ). …

From Nanoparticles to Cancer Nanomedicine: Old Problems with New Solutions.

Anticancer nanomedicines have been studied over 30 years, but fewer than 10 formulations have been approved for clinical therapy today. Despite abundant options of anticancer drugs, it remains challenging to have agents specifically target cancer cells while reducing collateral toxicity to healthy tissue. Nanocompartments that can be selective toward points deeply within malignant tissues are a promising concept, but the heterogeneity of tumor tissue, inefficiency of cargo loading and releasing, and low uniformity of manufacture required from preclinical to commercialization are major obstacle

An integrative review of nonobvious puzzles of cellular and molecular cardiooncology.

Oncologic patients are subjected to four major treatment types: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. All nonsurgical forms of cancer management are known to potentially violate the structural and functional integrity of the cardiovascular system. The prevalence and severity of cardiotoxicity and vascular abnormalities led to the emergence of a clinical subdiscipline, called cardiooncology. This relatively new, but rapidly expanding area of knowledge, primarily focuses on clinical observations linking the adverse effects of cancer therapy with deteriorated quality of life of

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… In the presence of transition metals, the primary ROS transform to hydroxyl radical (OH · ). From the side of mitochondria, NADH dehydrogenase, a component of Complex I of the respiratory chain, was implicated as a final place of DOX reduction and excessive ROS efflux [ 172 , 173 ]. …

Sophorolipids as anticancer agents: progress and challenges.

Sophorolipids (SLs) are considered effective biosurfactant for cancer treatment, which can efficiently inhibit the viability of various cancer types including breast, lung, liver, cervical and colon cancers. Their mechanism of action targets apoptosis and operates at the level of caspase enzymes, upregulation and downregulation of the B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-family proteins, and changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability. The binding of SLs to the cancer cell receptors modulates the expression of Bax, APAF1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, and triggers the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol which fur

Immunological Approaches Towards Cancer and Inflammation: A Cross Talk.

The inflammation is the protective response of the body against various harmful stimuli; however, the aberrant and inappropriate activation tends to become harmful. The acute inflammatory response tends to resolved once the offending agent is subside but this acute response becomes chronic in nature when the body is unable to successfully neutralized the noxious stimuli. This chronic inflammatory microenvironment is associated with the release of various pro-inflammatory and oncogenic mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines [IL-1β, IL-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α

The Cancer Antioxidant Regulation System in Therapeutic Resistance.

Antioxidants play a pivotal role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to induce oxidative stress. In the context of cancer development, cancer cells adeptly maintain elevated levels of both ROS and antioxidants through a process termed "redox reprogramming". This balance optimizes the proliferative influence of ROS while simultaneously reducing the potential for ROS to cause damage to the cell. In some cases, the adapted antioxidant machinery can hamper the efficacy of treatments for neoplastic diseases, representing a significant facet of the resistance mechanisms ob

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… Cells can produce ROS through a variety of endogenous and exogenous mechanisms [ 4 , 5 ], and ROS include a wide range of types, including superoxide (O 2 · − ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and the hydroxyl radical (·OH). …

Допуск на засуху в хлопковых генотипах с помощью интегрированных морфофизиологических и биохимических маркеров на стадии цветения.

Засушливый стресс one из основных абиотических факторов, которые серьезно ограничивают глобальный урожай хлопка, нарушая основные морфофизиологические и биохимические функции. В этом исследовании forty В разделе, посвященном генетически разнообразным генотипам хлопка, была проведена оценка three ирригационные уровни: контроль100% мощность на местах), умеренная (60% FC) и сильная засуха40% FC) на стадии цветения в контролируемой стеклянной среде. Повышение интенсивности засухи привело к постепенному снижению темпов роста и физиологических характеристик. Острый стресс: уменьшение длины выстрела

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… At the cellular level, drought stress triggers excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anions (O 2 • − ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and hydroxyl radicals (OH • ), resulting from disruptions in electron transport chains within chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes …

How histone modifications influence cellular radiosensitivity: Pharmaceutically targeting epigenetic regulators as a promising avenue to overcome radioresistance.

Cancer remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Radiotherapy (RT), a cornerstone of oncological treatment for over a century, has achieved great success in various cancers. However, radioresistance remains the primary factor leading to the failure of radiotherapy. Histone modifications in cancer cells are known to play a pivotal role in regulating radiosensitivity by modulating chromatin structure, either by loosening or tightening it. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the link between aberrant histone modifications and radiation resistance across various cancer and normal t

Polyphenols as Antitumor Agents Targeting Key Players in Cancer-Driving Signaling Pathways.

Polyphenols constitute an important group of natural products that are traditionally associated with a wide range of bioactivities. These are usually found in low concentrations in natural products and are now available in nutraceuticals or dietary supplements. A group of polyphenols that include apigenin, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, EGCG, and kaempferol have been shown to regulate signaling pathways that are central for cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Here, we describe novel mechanistic insights on the effect of this group of polyphenols on key elements of the signaling

Recent advancement in the anticancer efficacy of the natural flavonoid scutellarin: a comprehensive review.

Scutellarin (SC), a natural flavonoid, has been expansively employed in treating innumerable inflammation-related diseases due to its antitumor, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant potential. Scutellarin can inhibit significant inflammatory cell signaling pathways, comprisingPI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK, and while activating antioxidant-related pathways such as Nrf2 and ARE. Numerous reviews have outlined scutellarin's pharmacological effects and associated mechanisms in inflammation-related diseases. Several studies have elucidated the mechanisms of anticancer activity by inhibiting va

Mechanistic Insights into the Metabolic Pathways and Neuroprotective Potential of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids: In-Depth Analysis of Betulin, Betulinic, and Ursolic Acids.

Due to their complexity, both genotypic and phenotypic, neurodegenerative diseases are one of the main causes of death globally nowadays. Among phytochemicals of high scientific interest, based on experimental studies, pentacyclic triterpenoids (TTs), including mainly betulin, betulinic, and ursolic acid, became targets of scientific research in recent years, especially in terms of their biological activity and pharmacological potential. Due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as their involvement in cellular signal transductions, they have been observed to act as an

Recent advances in management of COVID-19: A review.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused and is still causing significant mortality and economic consequences all over the globe. As of today, there are three U.S Food and Drug administration (FDA) approved vaccines, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna and Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. Also, the antiviral drug remdesivir and two combinations of monoclonal antibodies are authorized for Emergency use (EUA) in certain patients. Furthermore, baricitinib was approved in Japan (April 23, 2021). Despite available vaccines and EUA, pharmacological therapy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 i

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… Melatonin, hydroxyl radical‐mediated oxidative damage, and aging: a hypothesis J. Pineal Res. 14 4 1993 151 168 8102180 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1993.tb00498.x 105 Acuña‐Castroviejo D. Escames G. Figueira J.C. de la Oliva P. Borobia A.M. Acuña‐Fernández C. …