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Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (CAP) as a New Tool for the Management of Vulva Cancer and Vulvar Premalignant Lesions in Gynaecological Oncology.

Vulvar cancer (VC) is a specific form of malignancy accounting for 5-6% of all gynaecologic malignancies. Although VC occurs most commonly in women after 60 years of age, disease incidence has risen progressively in premenopausal women in recent decades. VC demonstrates particular features requiring well-adapted therapeutic approaches to avoid potential treatment-related complications. Significant improvements in disease-free survival and overall survival rates for patients diagnosed with post-stage I disease have been achieved by implementing a combination therapy consisting of radical surgic

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… Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase of cells observed in the G1 phase of the cell cycle indicates the important role of cell cycle regulation for anti-proliferative CAP mechanisms [ 175 ]. …

Longitudinal cohort study highlights cancer-preventive benefits of lipid-lowering drugs.

Cancer prevention is a serious global challenge. We aimed to investigate the relationship between lipid-lowering drugs and cancers. We included participants based on the UK Biobank. Lipid-lowering drug use was defined as new users before enrollment and the primary outcome was cancer incidence. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the association between drug use and outcome. We also performed a meta-analysis. We found that lipid-lowering drugs were associated with decreased risk of 21 types of cancers, including melanoma, skin cancer, and reproductive, hematologic

The emerging role of osteoclasts in the treatment of bone metastases: rationale and recent clinical evidence.

The occurrence of bone metastasis is a grave medical concern that substantially impacts the quality of life in patients with cancer. The precise mechanisms underlying bone metastasis remain unclear despite extensive research efforts, and efficacious therapeutic interventions are currently lacking. The ability of osteoclasts to degrade the bone matrix makes them a crucial factor in the development of bone metastasis. Osteoclasts are implicated in several aspects of bone metastasis, encompassing the formation of premetastatic microenvironment, suppression of the immune system, and reactivation o

Current Novel Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy caused by the clonal expansion of immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow and/or extramedullary sites. Common manifestations of MM include anemia, renal dysfunction, infection, bone pain, hypercalcemia, and fatigue. Despite numerous recent advancements in the MM treatment paradigm, current therapies demonstrate limited long-term effectiveness and eventual disease relapse remains exceedingly common. Myeloma cells often develop drug resistance through clonal evolution and alterations of cellular signaling pathways. Therefore, con

The Hedgehog-GLI pathway in embryonic development and cancer: implications for pulmonary oncology therapy.

Transcriptional regulation and epigenetic mechanisms closely control gene expression through diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. These include the development of germ layers and post-natal epithelial cell-tissue differentiation, as well as, involved with the induction, promotion and/or progression of human malignancies. Diverse studies have shed light on the molecular similarities and differences involved in the stages of embryological epithelial development and dedifferentiation processes in malignant tumors of epithelial origin, of which many focus on lung carcinomas. In

Autoimmune Neuromuscular Disorders at a Molecular Crossroad: Linking Pathogenesis to Targeted Immunotherapy.

Myasthenia gravis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are among the most widely recognized autoimmune neuromuscular disorders. Although they differ in clinical presentation, shared immunopathogenic mechanisms place them at a molecular crossroads. Evidence of overlapping pathways has led to the development of targeted strategies including complement inhibition, FcRn antagonism, B-cell depletion, and the CAR-T cell approach. In this review, we analyze current knowledge regarding pathogenic mechanisms and their link to immunotherapy, extensiv

Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacological Inhibition of CD38 with Isatuximab.

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with ectoenzymatic activity involved in regulation of migration, signal transduction, and receptor-mediated adhesion. CD38 is highly expressed on various malignant cells, including multiple myeloma (MM), and at relatively low levels in other tissues, making it a suitable target for therapeutic antibodies. Several anti-CD38 therapies have been, or are being, developed for the treatment of MM, including daratumumab and isatuximab (SAR650984), respectively. Studies have shown that anti-CD38 therapies are effective in the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM and

Race for the Cure: From the Oldest to the Newest Monoclonal Antibodies for Multiple Myeloma Treatment.

Multiple myeloma is characterized by a wide clinical heterogeneity due to an intricate network of interactions between bone marrow-resident clonal plasma cells and the microenvironment. Over the last years, dramatic improvement in the understanding of these pathways led to the introduction of novel drugs with immune-mediated mechanisms of action. Some of these compounds, such as the anti-cd38 daratumumab and isatuximab, the anti-slamf-7 elotuzumab, and the antibody-drug conjugate belantamab-mafodotin, have been tested in large clinical trials and have now fully entered the real-life management

Monoclonal Antibodies Against Myeloid Leukemia Cells: Current Knowledge and Future Directions.

Monoclonal antibodies targeting specific cell surface antigens have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), thus widening the treatment landscape of this heinous disease. These antibodies have been designed to selectively target and eliminate leukemic cells while limiting damage to the normal hematopoietic counterpart. Among the potential targets on AML cells, CD33, CD123, and CD47 have shown the major potential in preclinical and clinical trials. Additionally, conjugation of monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic agents has further enhanced their therapeuti

Pathophysiological Roles of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Axis in Renal Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer.

CX3CL1 and its unique receptor, CX3CR1, are leukocyte migration factors and are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many inflammatory diseases and malignancies. The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis induces a variety of responses, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis resistance. CX3CL1 is a transmembrane protein, and proteolysis generates a soluble form. The membrane and soluble forms of CX3CL1 exhibit different functions, but both bind to the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis is a chemokine system that has attracted attention not only as a therapeutic

Current Advances in RNA Therapeutics for Human Diseases.

Following the discovery of nucleic acids by Friedrich Miescher in 1868, DNA and RNA were recognized as the genetic code containing the necessary information for proper cell functioning. In the years following these discoveries, vast knowledge of the seemingly endless roles of RNA have become better understood. Additionally, many new types of RNAs were discovered that seemed to have no coding properties (non-coding RNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs). The discovery of these new RNAs created a new avenue for treating various human diseases. However, RNA is relatively unstable and is degraded fairl

Systemic amyloid light-chain amyloidosis beyond ANDROMEDA: Diagnostic challenges and therapeutic updates.

Systemic immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis is a rare but life-threatening plasma cell disorder characterized by the production of misfolded monoclonal light chains that deposit as amyloid fibrils, leading to pathologic tissue remodeling and progressive multiorgan dysfunction. Despite substantial therapeutic advances, delayed diagnosis remains common because of nonspecific presentations and the need for coordinated hematologic, pathologic, and organ-specific evaluation. The introduction of daratumumab-based regimens has transformed frontline therapy, whereas advances in cytogenetic profili

Precision medicine in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: comprehensive review of past, present, and future prospect.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an aggressive malignancy with high propensity for lymphatic spread and distant metastasis. It is prominent as an endemic malignancy in Southern China and Southeast Asia regions. Studies on NPC pathogenesis mechanism in the past decades such as through Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection and oncogenic molecular aberrations have explored several potential targets for therapy and diagnosis. The EBV infection introduces oncoviral proteins that consequently hyperactivate many promitotic pathways and block cell-death inducers. EBV infection is so prevalent in NPC pat

HIV-Associated Lymphomas: Updates from Pathogenesis to Treatment Strategies.

HIV-associated lymphoma (HAL) is an aggressive malignancy directly linked to HIV infection and accounts for more than 30% of cancer-related deaths in people living with HIV (PLWH). HAL subtypes, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), exhibit five to ten times higher incidence rates and distinct molecular profiles compared to HIV-negative lymphomas. Pathogenesis involves HIV-driven CD4+ T-cell depletion, chronic B-cell activation, and oncogenic viral coinfection. First-line therapy combines antir

Intestinal barrier functions in hematologic and oncologic diseases.

The intestinal barrier is a complex structure that not only regulates the influx of luminal contents into the systemic circulation but is also involved in immune, microbial, and metabolic homeostasis. Evidence implicating disruption in intestinal barrier functions in the development of many systemic diseases, ranging from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis to autism, or systemic complications of intestinal disorders has increased rapidly in recent years, raising the possibility of the intestinal barrier as a potential target for therapeutic intervention to alter the course and mitigate the complica

Targeted Delivery Strategies for Multiple Myeloma and Their Adverse Drug Reactions.

Currently, multiple myeloma (MM) is a prevalent hematopoietic system malignancy, known for its insidious onset and unfavorable prognosis. Recently developed chemotherapy drugs for MM have exhibited promising therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, to overcome the shortcomings of traditional clinical drug treatment, such as off-target effects, multiple drug resistance, and systemic toxicity, targeted drug delivery systems are optimizing the conventional pharmaceuticals for precise delivery to designated sites at controlled rates, striving for maximal efficacy and safety, presenting a promising appr

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… Gold nanoparticles, available in diverse forms, can impede the proliferation of MM cell lines by upregulating cell cycle protein-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, resulting in G1 phase cell cycle arrest [ 120 , 121 ]. 6. …

Transcript-Targeted Therapy Based on RNA Interference and Antisense Oligonucleotides: Current Applications and Novel Molecular Targets.

The development of novel target therapies based on the use of RNA interference (RNAi) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) is growing in an exponential way, challenging the chance for the treatment of the genetic diseases and cancer by hitting selectively targeted RNA in a sequence-dependent manner. Multiple opportunities are taking shape, able to remove defective protein by silencing RNA (e.g., Inclisiran targets mRNA of protein PCSK9, permitting a longer half-life of LDL receptors in heterozygous familial hypercholesteremia), by arresting mRNA translation (i.e., Fomivirsen that binds to UL1

Genus Sophora: a comprehensive review on secondary chemical metabolites and their biological aspects from past achievements to future perspectives.

Sophora is deemed as one of the most remarkable genera of Fabaceae, and the third largest family of flowering plants. The genus Sophora comprises approximately 52 species, 19 varieties, and 7 forms that are widely distributed in Asia and mildly in Africa. Sophora species are recognized to be substantial sources of broad spectrum biopertinent secondary metabolites namely flavonoids, isoflavonoids, chalcones, chromones, pterocarpans, coumarins, benzofuran derivatives, sterols, saponins (mainly triterpene glycosides), oligostilbenes, and mainly alkaloids. Meanwhile, extracts and isolated compoun

A comprehensive prognostic score for head and neck squamous cancer driver genes and phenotype traits.

BackgroundHead and neck squamous cancer (HNSCC) presents variable phenotype and progression features. Clinically applicable, high-accuracy multifactorial prognostic models for HNSCC survival outcomes are warranted and an active area of research. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive prognostic tool for HNSCC overall survival by integrating cancer driver genes with tumor clinical and phenotype information.MethodsKey overall survival-related cancer driver genes were screened from among main effector and reciprocal gene pairs using TCGA data using univariate Cox proportional hazard regres

Metabolic features of myeloma cells in the context of bone microenvironment: Implication for the pathophysiology and clinic of myeloma bone disease.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) into the bone marrow (BM). The complex interaction between the BM microenvironment and MM PCs can lead to severe impairment of bone remodeling. Indeed, the BM microenvironment exerts a critical role in the survival of malignant PCs. Growing evidence indicates that MM cells have several metabolic features including enhanced glycolysis and an increase in lactate production through the upregulation of glucose transporters and enzymes. More recently, it has been reported that MM ce