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Sequence analysis of the hepatitis D virus across genotypes reveals highly conserved regions amidst evidence of recombination.

Sequence diversity of the hepatitis D virus (HDV) may impact viral clearance, contributing to the development of chronic infection. T-Cell-induced selection pressure and viral recombination can induce diversity throughout the viral genome including coding and noncoding regions, with the former potentially impacting viral pathogenicity and the latter exerting regulatory functions. Here, we aim to assess sequence variations of the HDV genome within and across HDV genotypes. Sequences from 721 complete HDV genomes and 793 large hepatitis D antigen (L-HDAg) regions belonging to all eight genotypes…

HBsAg Isoforms as Innovative Biomarkers in Predicting Virological Response to Bulevirtide in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis D.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HDV exploits HBV surface-protein (HBsAg) for entering into hepatocytes. HBsAg consists of 3 isoforms: Large- (L-HBs, predominantly present in virions and mediating binding to NTCP-receptor), Middle- (M-HBs) and Small-HBsAg (S-HBs). Here, we investigated the kinetics of HBs isoforms under bulevirtide treatment (BLV). METHODS: 67 consecutive patients with HDV-related compensated cirrhosis starting BLV 2 mg/day were enrolled. L-HBs, M-HBs and S-HBs were quantified by ad-hoc ELISAs in baseline and week 48 (W48) samples. RESULTS: At baseline, median (IQR) HDV-RNA was 5.1 (4.3

Hepatitis D epidemiology and access to diagnostic testing among healthcare providers in Africa: A multi-country survey.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Reliable data on the prevalence of chronic HDV infection in Africa are limited. To address this, a multi-country survey was conducted across Africa to assess healthcare providers' knowledge of HDV prevalence and the availability of diagnostic testing. This was complemented by a literature review of regional HDV prevalence data. METHODS: A 12-item web-based questionnaire, created using Google forms, was distributed to all members of SOLDA (the Society on Liver Disease in Africa) and Project ECHO Viral Hepatitis in sub-Saharan Africa (n = 1,210) through African network channe

Воздействие ограничений на восприятие и язык на вирологическую реакцию на ежедневный подкожный булевирит в гепатите D.

БОЛЕВИРИТИД (BLV) является единственной утвержденной терапией для хронического гепатита D (CHD) и компенсирующей болезни печени. Ежедневная подкожная инъекция и потребность в охлаждении могут создавать трудности, особенно у пациентов с ограниченным знанием языка. АИСЮ: Оценка сообщаемого пациентами обращения с ПЗВ и степени удовлетворенности и связи с вирологической реакцией. МЕТОДЫ: Оценка пациентов, получающих ПЗВ, проводилась с использованием структурированного вопросника по подготовке к инъекции, управлению, холодильному оборудованию, неблагоприятным последствиям и знанию языка. Вирологиче

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: Bulevirtide (BLV) is the only approved therapy for chronic hepatitis D (CHD) and compensated liver disease. Daily subcutaneous injection and the need for refrigeration may pose challenges, especially in patients with limited language proficiency. AIMS: Assessment of patient-reported BLV handling and satisfaction and association with virologic re…

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Profiles of Hepatitis D Virus in Nigeria: A Systematic Review, 2009-2024.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends hepatitis D virus (HDV) screening among hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected individuals, with a focus on priority populations in resource-limited settings like Nigeria. HDV infection is a growing public health challenge, particularly among individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HDV accelerates liver disease progression and significantly increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite this, the epidemiology of HDV in Nigeria remains inadequately documented. This scoping review critically evaluates…

Molecular determinants within the C-termini of L-HDAg that regulate hepatitis D virus replication and assembly.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is the causative agent of chronic hepatitis delta, the most severe form of viral hepatitis. HDV encodes one protein, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), in two isoforms: S- and L-HDAg. They are identical in sequence except that L-HDAg contains an additional 19-20 amino acids at its C-terminus, which confer regulatory roles that are distinct from those of S-HDAg. Notably, these residues are divergent between different genotypes. We aimed to elucidate the molecular determinants within the C-termini that are essential for the regulatory role of L-HDAg in HDV…

Fitting logistic regression models to assess vitamin D deficiency with clinical parameters in chronic hepatitis B patients.

Statistical models provide a quantitative structure with which clinicians can evaluate their hypotheses to explain patterns in observed data and generate forecasts. In contrast, vitamin D is an important immune modulator that plays an emerging role in liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Therefore, we quantified 25(OH)D3 serum levels in 292 CHB patients tested for their association with clinical parameters. Of 292 patients, 69 (63%), 95 (47%), and 39 (19%) had severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D3 < 10 ng/mL), vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D310 and < 20 ng/mL), or adequate vitami

Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype D in Greenland Suggests the Presence of a Novel Quasi-Subgenotype.

A disproportionate number of Greenland's Inuit population are chronically infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV; 5-10%). HBV genotypes B and D are most prevalent in the circumpolar Arctic. Here, we report 39 novel HBV/D sequences from individuals residing in southwestern Greenland. We performed phylodynamic analyses with ancient HBV DNA calibrators to investigate the origin and relationship of these taxa to other HBV sequences. We inferred a substitution rate of 1.4 × 10-5 [95% HPD 8.8 × 10-6, 2.0 × 10-5] and a time to the most recent common ancestor of 629 CE [95% HPD 37-1138 CE]. The Greenlan

Hepatitis D virus in 2021: virology, immunology and new treatment approaches for a difficult-to-treat disease.

Approximately 5% of individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) are coinfected with hepatitis D virus (HDV). Chronic HBV/HDV coinfection is associated with an unfavourable outcome, with many patients developing liver cirrhosis, liver failure and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma within 5-10 years. The identification of the HBV/HDV receptor and the development of novel in vitro and animal infection models allowed a more detailed study of the HDV life cycle in recent years, facilitating the development of specific antiviral drugs. The characterisation of HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+T cell …

Effectiveness of pegylated interferon monotherapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis D virus infection: A meta-analysis.

Chronic HDV infection often is associated with aggressive form of liver disease, compared to chronic HBV mono-infection. However, chronic HDV treatment is challenging because currently there is no approved regimen for affected patients. While standard interferon with/without nucleos(t)ide analogues were reported to be inferior to pegylated interferon (peginterferon) as HDV treatment according to few randomized clinical trials. This meta-analysis will summarize the results of studies on the effectiveness of peginterferon as HDV treatment regimen. An electronic search was performed using PubMed,

Animal models for the study of human hepatitis B and D virus infection: New insights and progress.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family and infects hepatocytes, leading to liver pathology in acutely and chronically infected individuals. Co-infection with Hepatitis D virus (HDV), which requires the surface proteins of HBV to replicate, can exacerbate this disease progression. Thus, the >250 million people living with chronic HBV infection, including 13 million co-infected with HDV, would significantly benefit from an effective and affordable curative treatment. Animal models are crucial to the development of innovative disease therapies, a paradigm repeated again …

[Detection of markers of hepatitis B and D virus infection in biological media and dried blood spots.].

The aim of this study was to assess the rates of detection of the major markers of infection with hepatitis B and Delta (D) viruses in serum, saliva and dry blood dots (DBS) as a possible option for serological studies among the population of the endemic region in conditions of limited laboratory resources. For this purpose, paired samples of blood serum and DBS, blood serum and saliva from patients with chronic hepatitis B with Delta agent living in the Republic of Tyva, which is endemic for this disease. HBsAg was detected in 289 (100%) serum samples, in 88/92 (95.7%) saliva samples, in 60/8

Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses in the Hormozgan province southern Iran.

BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis is a global public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, causing thousands of deaths due to acu … odies. Among anti-HBc positive patients, 11% (7/65) had HBs Ag and 5% (3/65) were positive for anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) antibodies. The prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies was 0.7% (4/562). The seroprevalence of anti-HAV, HEV IgG, anti-HBc antibodies, and HBs Ag increased with age. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms a high seropreva …

Fowl Adenoviruses D and E Cause Inclusion Body Hepatitis Outbreaks in Broiler and Broiler Breeder Pullet Flocks.

Twenty-four fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs) were isolated from broiler and broiler breeder pullet flocks in Iran during 2013-2016 and were identified and characterized. All FAdVs were from inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) cases, showing an enlarged and pale yellow liver with multiple petechial hemorrhages. Phylogenetic analyses of partial hexon gene sequences are an adequate and quick method for differentiation and genotyping. The isolates were subjected to PCR to amplify a 590-bp fragment from the hexon gene. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of two species D and E. Eighty FAdV isolates were ge

Presence of acute hepatitis D infection in HBsAg positive cancer patients: A preliminary study from west Gujarat.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is well known to induce a spectrum of acute and chronic liver diseases. There has been global decline in the prevalence of hepatitis D infection. The aim of the present study was to know the presence of acute HDV infection among hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive cancer patients. METHODS: A total of 5043 samples were subjected for routine testing of HBV, HIV and HCV by ELISA method. Further, 150 HbsAg positive samples were tested for HDV IgM detection by ELISA method. RESULTS: Of the 5043 …

Association Between Level of Hepatitis D Virus RNA at Week 24 of Pegylated Interferon Therapy and Outcome.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interferon is the only effective treatment for chronic hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection. No rules have been set for stopping treatment based on viral kinetics. We analyzed data from an international study of hepatitis D treatment to identify factors associated with outcomes of pegylated interferon treatment, with and without adefovir. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Hep-Net-International Delta Hepatitis Intervention Trial on 50 patients with compensated liver disease who tested positive for anti-HDV and HDV RNA. Subjects received pegylated interferon α 2a, with adefovir…

The Interplay between Zinc, Vitamin D and, IL-17 in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Liver Disease.

OBJECTIVES: To assess zinc (Zn) and vitamin D (Vit. D) status in chronic Hepatitis C virus- (HCV) infected patients and their relationship to interleukin- (IL-) 17 and disease severity and then investigate whether Zn and Vit. D3 modulate IL-17 expression in chronic HCV patients. METHODS: Seventy patients and fifty healthy subjects were investigated. Serum levels of Zn, Vit. D, and IL-17 were assessed in the patients group and subgroups. Patients lymphocytes were activated in vitro in the presence or absence of Zn or Vit. D3 and then intracellular IL-17 production was assessed using flow cytom

Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in the Chinese.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are two autoimmune diseases of unknown etiology. Genetic factors appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Vitamin D has been shown to exert multiple immunomodulatory effects, which acts through its own receptor (VDR). Polymorphisms of VDR had been implicated in several autoimmune diseases. In the present study, the association between Chinese patients with AIH, PBC and the polymorphisms in exon 2, intron 8 and exon 9 of vitamin D receptor genes was studied. METHODS: Four candidate gene loci were inve

LPS challenge in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice accounts for caspase-dependent fulminant hepatitis, not for septic shock.

Experimental models of sepsis using endotoxin challenges, including studies with sensitized animals with D-galactosamine, have largely contributed to the basic rationale for innovative clinical trials in human septic shock, which have, to date, failed. The ability of these models to reproduce human disease has been highly discussed. We report here that the widely used D-galactosamine/LPS model does not account for septic shock. Treatment with YVAD-CMK, a potent tetrapeptide inhibitor of caspases of the interleukin (IL)-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) family, protects from LPS-induced liver apopt