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Bispecific antibodies as powerful immunotherapeutic agents for urological cancers: Recent innovations based on preclinical and clinical evidence.

Conventional immunotherapy has emerged as a key option for cancer treatment. However, its efficacy has been limited in urological cancers, especially prostate cancer, because of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), difficulty in drug delivery, aberrant immune response, and damage to normal cells. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with two different antigen-binding domains, designed using different technologies and in various formats. BsAb-based tumor immunotherapy has yielded optimistic results in preclinical and clinical investigations of many tumor types, i

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… CHO cells are also employed in co-culture techniques with variations in plasmid design, inoculation, and harvesting processes 133 . …

Anticancer peptides as novel immunomodulatory therapeutic candidates for cancer treatment.

Cancer remains a concern after years of research in this field. Conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery are available for cancer treatment, but they are characterized by various side effects. There are several immunological challenges that make it difficult for the immune system and conventional therapies to treat cancer. Some of these challenges include heterogeneity, resistance to medicines, and cancer relapse. Even advanced treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which revolutionized cancer treatment, have associated toxicity and resistance further n

The Current Landscape of Modular CAR T Cells.

Despite the groundbreaking impact of currently approved CAR T-cell therapies, substantial unmet clinical needs remain. This highlights the need for CAR T treatments that are easier to tune, combine, and program with logic rules, in oncology and autoimmunity. Modular CAR T cells use a two-part system: the CAR on the T cell binds an adaptor molecule (AM), and that adaptor binds the tumour-associated antigen (TAA). This design separates recognition of the target antigen and activation of the T cells, resulting in a cellular therapy concept with better control, flexibility, and safety compared to

Novel therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis represents the end stage of a number of heterogeneous conditions and is, to a greater or lesser degree, the hallmark of the interstitial lung diseases. It is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the pulmonary interstitium leading to the obliteration of functional alveolar units and in many cases, respiratory failure. While a small number of interstitial lung diseases have known aetiologies, most are idiopathic in nature, and of these, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common and carries with it an appalling prognosis - med

Bench-to-bedside review: Angiopoietin signalling in critical illness - a future target?

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) occurs in response to major insults such as sepsis, severe haemorrhage, trauma, major surgery and pancreatitis. The mortality rate is high despite intensive supportive care. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying MODS are not entirely clear, although several have been proposed. Overwhelming inflammation, immunoparesis, occult oxygen debt and other mechanisms have been investigated, and - despite many unanswered questions - therapies targeting these mechanisms have been developed. Unfortunately, only a few interventions, usually those targeting mu

Immune-based combination therapy for esophageal cancer.

Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive malignancy raising a healthcare concern worldwide. Standard treatment options include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted molecular therapy. The five-year survival rate for all stages of EC is approximately 20%, ranging from 5% to 47%, with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis after treatment. Immunotherapy has shown better efficacy and tolerance than conventional therapies for several malignancies. Immunotherapy of EC, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy, has shown clinica

Viral Vector-Based Melanoma Gene Therapy.

Gene therapy applications of oncolytic viruses represent an attractive alternative for cancer treatment. A broad range of oncolytic viruses, including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, alphaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, rhabdoviruses, reoviruses, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, picornaviruses and poxviruses, have been used in diverse preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various diseases, including colon, head-and-neck, prostate and breast cancer as well as squamous cell carcinoma and glioma. The majority of studies have focused on i

Concurrent evolution of cancer cachexia and heart failure: bilateral effects exist.

Cancer cachexia is defined as a multifactorial syndrome of involuntary weight loss characterized by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass and progressive functional impairment. It is postulated that cardiac dysfunction/atrophy parallels skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. Cardiotoxic chemotherapy may additionally result in cardiac dysfunction and heart failure in some cancer patients. Heart failure thus may be a consequence of either ongoing cachexia or chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity; at the same time, heart failure can result in cachexia, especially muscle wasting. Therefore, t

Advancing Cancer-Targeted Nanotherapies with Tumor Homing Peptides.

The development of smart nanoparticles for precision medicine in anticancer drug delivery and controlled release has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment. This progress is driven by expanding body of preclinical and early clinical studies on anticancer nanoparticles. Despite these advancements, a critical challenge remains achieving a selective and efficient tumor accumulation, along with effective extravasation and deep tissue penetration of nanoparticles into the tumor parenchyma. Affinity targeting strategies using ligands such as homing peptides and antibodies leverage molecular

Innovations in cancer treatment as novel potential and the myth of personalized vaccines, immunotherapy, CRISPR/Cas9, and bacteriotherapy as promising therapeutic strategies.

Recent advancements in cancer treatment, including targeted therapy, tailored vaccines, immunotherapy, and bacteriotherapy, have demonstrated remarkable potential in addressing various types of cancer. However, the pursuit of novel therapeutic strategies remains challenged by significant obstacles, including toxicity to healthy tissues, limited penetration into malignant tissues, and the potential for tumor cell resistance to pharmacological agents. This study explored the potential of tailored vaccinations, immunotherapy, CRISPR/Cas9, and bacteriotherapy for cancer treatment. Randomized and n

Characteristics and advances in signaling pathways, cellular communication, cell junctions, and oxidative stress in lymphedema.

Lymphedema is a chronic inflammatory disease without an effective treatment method, and it results in a high disease burden and psychological distress in patients. Although there have been significant advances in targeted therapies, there are still no effective options to treat this refractory disease. In recent years, new advances and breakthroughs have been made in signaling pathways, including RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, VEGF-C/VEGFR-3, HGF/MET, and TGF-β1, which are important for understanding the pathogenesis and disease progression of lymphedema. Mutations in genes encoding cell junctions affect

Novel diagnostic options for endometriosis - Based on the glycome and microbiome.

BackgroundEndometriosis is a chronic gynaecological disease whose aetiology is still unknown. Despite its prevalence among women of reproductive age, the pathology of the disease has not yet been elucidated and only symptomatic treatment is available. Endometriosis has high latency and diagnostic methods are both limited and invasive.Aim of reviewThe aim of this review is to summarise minimally invasive or non-invasive diagnostic methods for endometriosis and their diagnostic efficiencies. Furthermore, we discuss the identification and diagnostic potential of novel disease biomarkers of microb

Complication Avoidance in Surgical Management of Vertebral Column Tumors.

The surgical management of spinal tumors has grown increasingly complex as treatment algorithms for both primary bone tumors of the spine and metastatic spinal disease have evolved in response to novel surgical techniques, rising complication rates, and additional data concerning adjunct therapies. In this review, we discuss actionable interventions for improved patient safety in the operative care for spinal tumors. Strategies for complication avoidance in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative settings are discussed for approach-related morbidities, intraoperative hemorrhage, wo

Bispecific antibodies in multiple myeloma treatment: A journey in progress.

The incorporation of novel agents and monoclonal antibody-based therapies into the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly improved long-term patient survival. However, the disease is still largely incurable, with high-risk patients suffering shorter survival times, partly due to weakened immune systems. Bispecific molecules, including bispecific antibodies (BisAbs) and bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), encourage immune cells to lyse MM cells by simultaneously binding antigens on MM cells and immune effector cells, bringing those cells into close proximity. BisAbs that target B-

Prevention of veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: a never-ending story and no easy answer.

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Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): Current View into Etiopathogenesis and Clinical Features.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly affects children and young adults. ADEM typically follows an infectious or, less commonly, immunization-related trigger, and despite decades of clinical observation, its etiopathogenesis remains only partially understood. Clinically, the diagnosis of ADEM continues to pose significant challenges due to the absence of disease-specific biomarkers and its clinical and radiological overlap with other acquired demyelinating syndromes. This narrative re

Molecular Mechanisms Leading from Periodontal Disease to Cancer.

Periodontitis is prevalent in half of the adult population and raises critical health concerns as it has been recently associated with an increased risk of cancer. While information about the topic remains somewhat scarce, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanistic pathways promoting neoplasia in periodontitis patients is of fundamental importance. This manuscript presents the literature as well as a panel of tables and figures on the molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, two main oral pathogens in periodontitis pathology, involved in instigati

The Hypoxia-Retinoid Axis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Multifaceted Etiology and Therapeutic Potential.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease with limited therapeutic options. This review focuses on the role of retinoids, particularly all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), and hypoxia in the pathogenesis of IPF. Despite an established understanding of genetic and environmental factors in IPF, the interplay between retinoid signaling and the response to hypoxia remains poorly explored due to its complexity. Preclinical evidence suggests that atRA could help reduce pulmonary fibrosis by modulating TGF-β signaling pathways and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EM

Lost in transcription: molecular mechanisms that control HIV latency.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has limited the replication and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, despite treatment, HIV infection persists in latently infected reservoirs, and once therapy is interrupted, viral replication rebounds quickly. Extensive efforts are being directed at eliminating these cell reservoirs. This feat can be achieved by reactivating latent HIV while administering drugs that prevent new rounds of infection and allow the immune system to clear the virus. However, current approaches to HIV eradication have not been effective. Moreover,

30 years in service, 1996-2026: Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO).

The Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) was established in 1996 as one of the subgroups of the German Society of Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). Marking its 30th anniversary this year, the AGIHO reflects on a period of significant achievement and growth. Beyond its core mission of developing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infections in patients with cancer, the AGIHO has evolved into a vital platform for clinical trials, collaborative research, and postgraduate medical education. To ensure long-term sustainability and