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A meta-analysis on neural changes of cognitive training for mental disorders in executive function tasks: increase or decrease brain activation?

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is often found in patients with psychiatric disorders, and cognitive training (CT) has been shown to help these patients. To better understand the mechanisms of CT, many neuroimaging studies have investigated the neural changes associated with it. However, the results of those studies have been inconsistent, making it difficult to draw conclusions from the literature. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to identify consistent patterns in the literature of neural changes associated with CT for psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We searched for cogni

Towards an animal model of callousness.

Callous-unemotional traits - the insensitivity to other's welfare and well-being - are characterized by a lack of empathy. They are characteristic of psychopathy and can be found in other anti-social disorders, such as conduct disorder. Because of the increasing prevalence of anti-social disorders and the rising societal costs of violence and aggression, it is of great importance to elucidate the psychological and physiological mechanisms underlying callousness in the search for pharmacological treatments. One promising avenue is to create a relevant animal model to explore the neural bases of

Nerve Conduction Studies of the Larynx: Porcine Model and Human Application.

OBJECTIVE: There is a paucity of information in the literature about how electromyography (EMG) with nerve conduction studies (NCS) can be utilized in the field of neurolaryngology. The goal of this study was two-part: (1) to identify the NCS test parameters that best reflect underlying neurolaryngeal pathophysiology in a porcine model, and (2) to determine if comparable NCS parameters can be used to assess clinical laryngeal denervation injuries in patients. METHODS: Yukatan minipigs underwent general anesthesia with EMG and recurrent laryngeal NCS assessment. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

Effects of treadmill running on anxiety- and craniofacial pain-like behaviors with histone H3 acetylation in the brain of mice subjected to social defeat stress.

This study examined the effects of treadmill running (TR) regimens on craniofacial pain- and anxiety-like behaviors, as well as their effects on neural changes in specific brain regions of male mice subjected to repeated social defeat stress (SDS) for 10 days. Behavioral and immunohistochemical experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of TR regimens on SDS-related those behaviors, as well as epigenetic and neural activity markers in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), insular cortex (IC), rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), and cervical spinal dorsal horn (C2). Behavioral responses w

Involvement of cyclic GMP and protein kinase G in the regulation of apoptosis and survival in neural cells.

Our current understanding of nitric oxide (NO), cyclic GMP (cGMP) and protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathways in the nervous systems has its origins in the early studies conducted on vascular tissues during the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s. The pioneering research into the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway in blood vessels conducted by the laboratories of Drs. Ferid Murad, Louis Ignarro and Robert Furchgott ultimately led to the awarding of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to these three scientists. On the basis of further pioneering studies by Drs. John Garthwaite, Solomon Snyder, Stev

Shared and distinct neural signatures in major depressive disorder and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder: Insights from structural and functional imaging.

AIMS: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly prevalent psychiatric disorders that frequently co-occur, yet the neural mechanisms underlying their shared and distinct pathophysiology remain unclear. This study aimed to delineate the shared and disorder-specific structural and functional neural alterations in individuals with MDD and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (MDD-PTSD), which may potentially improve diagnostic precision and inform targeted interventions. METHODS: Neuroimaging data were collected from 63 participants, including 18 MDD,

Types and Frequency of Neural Elements in Mature Ovarian Teratomas: An 11-Year Study from Rural India.

INTRODUCTION: Teratomas are those tumors which are derived from the totipotent cells. They may manifest at any site. Ovary is the most common site for teratomas. Ovarian teratomas may be immature and mature depending on the elements they harbor. Mature ovarian teratomas may contain ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Ectoderm mainly comprises the skin and its adnexa, followed by neural tissue, whereas mesodermal elements are blood vessels, adipose tissue, cartilage, and hematopoietic tissue, similarly, endoderm consists of respiratory tissue, thyroid gland, and gastrointestinal tissue. MATERIAL

Neural autoantibodies in delirium.

BACKGROUND: Delirium in hospitalized and intensive care unit patients is an emerging condition due to its rapid-onset requiring fast action to mitigate a worse clinical outcome. Although several causes and conditions are known, the association between delirium and neural autoantibodies has often been neglected in cohort studies and reviews as causing delirium. The aim of our review is to delineate the occurrence and type of neural autoantibodies and to depict other biological markers of autoimmunity in relationship to delirium. METHODS: For this narrative review Pubmed research was done to se

Dietary folate as a risk factor for neural-tube defects: evidence from a case-control study in Western Australia.

A population-based case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the risk of the occurrence of neural-tube defects in infants with no other birth defects (isolated neural-tube defects) is associated inversely with the maternal dietary intake of free and/or total folate in early pregnancy. Information was collected from the mothers of 77 case subjects with isolated neural-tube defects who were born in Western Australia from 1982 to 1984, from the mothers of 77 control subjects with birth defects other than neural-tube defects (control group 1) and from the mothers of 154 control

Peripheral Nerve Ultrasound Findings in Leprosy: A Scoping Review of Echogenicity, Cross-Sectional Area, and Vascularization Across 15 Studies.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, primarily affecting the skin and peripheral nerves. Neuropathy in leprosy can result in significant disability, making early detection crucial. Ultrasound offers a non-invasive method to detect neuropathy by assessing echogenicity, cross-sectional area (CSA), and peripheral nerve vascularity. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to map and synthesize diagnostic role of peripheral nerve ultrasound, focusing on echogenicity, cross-sectional area, and vascularization, in detecting lepros

Unveiling Epileptic Networks: Motif Synchronization for Interictal Spike Localization.

Epilepsy affects 50 million people worldwide. Despite advancements in treatment, 30% of patients do not achieve seizure freedom with Anti-epilepsy Drugs, necessitating alternative interventions such as surgical re-section. One of the diagnostic tools for epilepsy is the visual inspection of scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, a time-consuming process that relies on identifying interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). This study proposes a novel IED detection method based on Motif Synchronization (MS), a functional connectivity technique that constructs time-varying graphs (TVGs) fro

Citicoline Oral Solution Induces Functional Enhancement and Synaptic Plasticity in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Objectives: To evaluate the changes in retinal function and neural conduction along the visual pathways after 12 months of treatment with Citicoline oral solution in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Methods: In this randomized, prospective, double-blind study, 29 OAG patients were enrolled. Fifteen patients (Citicoline Group, 15 eyes) received Citicoline oral solution (Neurotidine®, 500 mg/day), and 14 patients (Placebo Group, 14 eyes) received placebo for 12 months. Visual field (VF), pattern electroretinogram (PERG), visual evoked potentials (VEP), and Retinocortical Time (RCT) were …

Пиропотоз в микроглии, полученный при помощи ПБДМВ, усугубляет демиелинацию и нейрофламмацию в множестве склерозов: озарения людей и мышей модели обезвоживания, вызванной кубизоной.

Демиелинация, являющаяся отличительной чертой множественного склероза (MS), нарушает нейронное поведение из-за разложения миелиновых завязей. Ключевую роль в этом процессе играет воспаление с помощью микроглиа, поскольку появляются данные, свидетельствующие о том, что газдермин Е (GSDME) используется в нейроинфламмации и нейродегенерации. Вместе с тем конкретная роль ГСМДЭ в РС остается неясной. Здесь мы изучили участие GSDME в MS с использованием мозговых тканей пациентов MS и мышей модели демиэлизации, вызванной кухонной зоной (CPZ). Мы наблюдали повышенное выражение GSDME в повреждениях цен

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Demyelination, a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), disrupts neural conduction due to myelin sheath degradation. Microglia-mediated inflammation plays a pivotal role in this process, with emerging evidence implicating gasdermin E (GSDME) in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, the specific role of GSDME in MS remains unclear. Here, we investig…

Distinctive Deposition Patterns of Sporadic Transthyretin-Derived Amyloidosis in the Atria: A Forensic Autopsy-Based Study.

Left-to-right differences in the histopathologic patterns of transthyretin-derived amyloid (ATTR) deposition in the atria of older adults have not yet been investigated. Hence, this study evaluated heart specimens from 325 serial autopsy subjects. The amount of ATTR deposits in the seven cardiac regions, including both sides of atria and atrial appendages, was evaluated semiquantitatively. Using digital pathology, we quantitatively evaluated the immunohistochemical deposition burden of ATTR in the myocardium. We identified 20 sporadic ATTR cardiac amyloidosis cases (nine males). All patients h

Trigeminal innervation and tactile responses in mouse tongue.

The mammalian tongue is richly innervated with somatosensory, gustatory and motor fibers. These form the basis of many ethologically important functions such as eating, speaking and social grooming. Despite its high tactile acuity and sensitivity, the neural basis of tongue mechanosensation remains largely mysterious. Here we explored the organization of mechanosensory afferents in the tongue and found that each lingual papilla is innervated by Piezo2 + trigeminal neurons. Notably, each fungiform papilla contained highly specialized ring-like sensory neuron terminations that asymmetrically cir

Liposomal Encapsulation of Citicoline for Ocular Drug Delivery.

Glaucoma represents a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by optic nerve damage and the slowly progressive death of retinal ga … rotective and neuroenhancement properties, and it was used in the treatment on retinal function and neural conduction in the visual pathways of glaucoma patients. In this study, citicoline was loaded into the 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine and cholesterol liposomal carrier to enhance its therapeutic effect. The citicoline encapsulation efficiency, drug r …

Citicoline and Retinal Ganglion Cells: Effects on Morphology and Function.

BACKGROUND: Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the nervous retinal elements which connect the visual receptors to the brain forming the nervo … of the RGCs impairment after Citicoline administration. By reducing the RGCs' dysfunction, a better neural conduction along the post-retinal visual pathways with an improvement of the visual field defects was observed. CONCLUSION: Citicoline, with a solid history of experimental and clinical studies, could be considered a very promising molecule for neuroprotectiv …