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Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Tuberculosis.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine with a dual role in the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While essential for granuloma formation, macrophage activation, and containment of latent infection, TNF can also contribute to tissue damage and immune pathology. This review systematically analyzes over 300 peer-reviewed studies published between 1980 and 2024, highlighting the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TNF action in tuberculosis (TB). Particular attention is given to TNF receptor signaling pathways, the balance between protective and pathological imm…

Limb Necrosis in the Setting of Vasopressor Use.

BACKGROUND: It remains poorly understood why only some hemodynamically unstable patients who receive aggressive treatment with vasopressor medications develop limb necrosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of limb necrosis and the factors associated with it following high-dose vasopressor therapy. METHODS: A retrospective case-control medical records review was performed of patients aged 18 to 89 years who received vasopressor therapy between 2012 and 2021 in a single academic medical center. The study population was stratified by the development of limb necrosis following vasopressor …

[A case of capsular bag necrosis syndrome].

A 58-year-old male patient presented with a 2-year history of blurred vision and eye discomfort in the right eye. The patient had a history … acuity in the right eye recovered to 0.8, and the intraocular pressure was controlled. Capsular bag necrosis syndrome is a recently proposed concept, characterized by an average age of onset of about 65.7 years, displacement of the intraocular lens years after IOL implantation, a transparent and soft capsular bag without fibrous proliferation, thinning and …

Post-traumatic avascular necrosis of the talus.

In this comprehensive case report, we examine a 29-year-old male who suffered a high-energy vehicular accident, resulting in a type III Hawkins fracture of the talus. This specific fracture type is critically associated with a greater than 90% risk of progressing to avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus, a severe and debilitating condition. Alongside this, the patient sustained fractures of the medial and lateral malleolus. Due to extensive swelling and severe circulatory disorders, an immediate emergency surgical procedure was necessitated, employing nail fixation as a stabilizing interventio…

Prognostic significance of necrosis in ampullary carcinomas.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Necrosis is an important pathological feature that reflects high malignancy potential in tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. We aimed to elucidate the prognostic impact of necrosis in ampullary carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 101 consecutive cases of ampullary carcinoma for tumor necrosis, types of necrosis, macroscopic and microscopic histopathological subtypes, lymphatic-vascular-perineural invasions, and other histopathological parameters. RESULTS: Tumor necrosis was present in 19 (18.8%) cases and was identified as an independ…

The role of regulated necrosis in endocrine diseases.

The death of endocrine cells is involved in type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmunity, adrenopause and hypogonadotropism. Insights from research on basic cell death have revealed that most pathophysiologically important cell death is necrotic in nature, whereas regular metabolism is maintained by apoptosis programmes. Necrosis is defined as cell death by plasma membrane rupture, which allows the release of damage-associated molecular patterns that trigger an immune response referred to as necroinflammation. Regulated necrosis comes in different forms, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptos…

Osteotomies for avascular necrosis of the femoral head.

BACKGROUND: In osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), blood supply is insufficient for the metabolic requirements of the bone. The initial management is conservative, and, in case of failure, surgery is indicated. Osteotomies aim to change the spatial position of the necrotic portion of the femoral head. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness and safety of osteotomies for ONFH. SOURCE OF DATA: The systematic review, organized, conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines, was performed on PubMed and Google Sc…

Topical Erythropoietin for Treatment of Scleral Necrosis.

PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of topical erythropoietin for the treatment of scleral necrosis. METHODS: This study enrolled eight consecutive patients with scleral necrosis due to previous ocular surgery, rheumatoid arthritis-associated necrotizing anterior scleritis, and thermal and chemical burns. Conventional treatments failed to heal avascular scleral lesions in all eyes. Patients were treated with topical erythropoietin (3000 IU/mL) four times a day. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 37.6 ± 15.5 years. The interval between the development of scleral necrosis and initia…

Avascular Necrosis of the Scaphoid Preiser Disease.

No consensus regarding optimal treatment or etiology of Preiser disease exists. We described the epidemiology, classification and treatment characteristics of 18 patients with Preiser disease. Patients with changes related to previous trauma, and without radiographs were excluded. Based on the radiographs at diagnosis, we classified 13 scaphoids as Herbert Lanzetta stage II, four as stage III, and one as stage IV. In 12 patients nonspecific treatment was offered and only two patients received surgical treatment. We found that chosen treatment is not associated with the severity of Herbert Lanz

Bladder necrosis: 'A man without a bladder'.

Since the use of antibiotics, bladder necrosis has become a rare condition. We report a case of bladder necrosis in a 90-year-old man following urinary retention. After insertion of a transurethral catheter (TUC), 2 L of urine was evacuated. In the following days, the TUC became intermittently blocked. Adequate bladder drainage could not be obtained despite intensive rinsing and placement of a suprapubic catheter. On surgical exploration necrosis of almost the entire bladder wall, except for the trigone, was encountered. Surgical debridement of the non-viable bladder wall without opening the a…

Köhler Disease: Avascular Necrosis in the Child.

Köhler disease is a childhood condition of pain and swelling of the medial midfoot with associated osteochondrosis or avascular necrosis of the tarsal navicular. The age at presentation is between 2 and 10 years, with boys more likely to be affected than girls. Radiographs show increased sclerosis and sometimes flattening and fragmentation of the navicular. Long-term outcomes for Köhler disease are favorable regardless of the type of treatment, although a short period of immobilization with a short leg walking cast may reduce the duration of symptoms.

Прогресс в борьбе с острым некрозом сетчатки.

Острый некроз сетчатки является вирусным синдромом, характеризующимся панувеитом с некротизирующим ретинитом, который может быть осложнен отрезком сетчатки, вазооккулированием, оптической нейропатией и другими причинами уменьшения визуальной акустии. Тест на цепную реакцию полимеразы дает быстрый и чувствительный метод идентификации вирусной этиологии острого некроза сетчатки, который чаще всего вызывается вирусом герпеса simperx типа 1, вирусом герпеса simpex типа 2 и вирусом варицелла-зостера. Оперативная диагностика и лечение имеют важнейшее значение для предотвращения дальнейшей потери зре

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Acute retinal necrosis is a viral syndrome characterized by a panuveitis with necrotizing retinitis that may be complicated by retinal detachment, vaso-occlusion, optic neuropathy, and other causes of decreased visual acuity. Polymerase chain reaction testing provides a rapid and sensitive method of identifying the viral etiology of acute retinal necrosis, w…

[A case report of progressive penile necrosis].

The penis is provided with blood by multiple arteries. Penile necrosis is uncommon. Penile necrosis sporadically occurs in patients with progressive diabetes mellitus and/or end stage renal failure. Penile necrosis is often considered a poor prognostic feature. We present a case of penile necrosis in a patient with mild diabetes mellitus.

In-flight incapacitation and cystic medial necrosis.

INTRODUCTION: The major causes of in-flight fatal incapacitation in civil pilots are acute coronary events, new onset idiopathic epilepsy, a … he cause of the sudden death to be an aortic dissection with cardiac tamponade due to cystic medial necrosis (Erdheim disease). The authors describe the clinical and histological features of Erdheim disease. DISCUSSION: The normal aorta contains collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle cells that form the vessel wall. Degenerative changes lead to breakdown of …